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    Direct Current (DC) Circuits

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    Lim JiaShin
    An ammeter is used to measure current by inserting it in series in a circuit, while a voltmeter is used to measure voltage by connecting it in parallel across two points. Kirchhoff's junction rule states the sum of currents entering a junction equals the sum leaving. Kirchhoff's loop rule states the algebraic sum of potential differences around any closed loop is zero. These rules allow analyzing circuits with multiple loops and junctions by setting up simultaneous equations for the unknown currents.

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    Direct Current (DC) Circuits

    Uploaded by

    Lim JiaShin
    75 views11 pages
    An ammeter is used to measure current by inserting it in series in a circuit, while a voltmeter is used to measure voltage by connecting it in parallel across two points. Kirchhoff's junction rule states the sum of currents entering a junction equals the sum leaving. Kirchhoff's loop rule states the algebraic sum of potential differences around any closed loop is zero. These rules allow analyzing circuits with multiple loops and junctions by setting up simultaneous equations for the unknown currents.

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    DC_circuits

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    An ammeter is used to measure current by inserting it in series in a circuit, while a voltmeter is used to measure voltage by connecting it in parallel across two points. Kirchhoff's junction rule states the sum of currents entering a junction equals the sum leaving. Kirchhoff's loop rule states the algebraic sum of potential differences around any closed loop is zero. These rules allow analyzing circuits with multiple loops and junctions by setting up simultaneous equations for the unknown currents.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    75 views11 pages

    Direct Current (DC) Circuits

    Uploaded by

    Lim JiaShin
    An ammeter is used to measure current by inserting it in series in a circuit, while a voltmeter is used to measure voltage by connecting it in parallel across two points. Kirchhoff's junction rule states the sum of currents entering a junction equals the sum leaving. Kirchhoff's loop rule states the algebraic sum of potential differences around any closed loop is zero. These rules allow analyzing circuits with multiple loops and junctions by setting up simultaneous equations for the unknown currents.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 11

    Direct Current (DC) Circuits

    Measuring the current in a circuit


    Ammeter is device for measuring currents in electrical circuits.

    To measure the current


    flowing between points A
    and B in (a) an ammeter is
    inserted into the circuit, as
    shown in (b).
    An ideal ammeter would
    have zero resistance.

    However, every real


    Ammeter has some finite
    resistance (often a few ).
    Therefore, connecting the
    ammeter disturbs the
    circuit.
    Measuring the voltage in a circuit
    Voltmeter is device for measuring currents in electrical circuits.
    The voltage difference between
    points C and D can be measured by
    connecting a voltmeter in parallel to
    the original circuit.
    An ideal voltmeter would have
    infinite resistance.
    10 – 100 M is typical.
    Battery voltage in the DC Circuits
    + terminal at higher potential then - terminal

    - + Potential of charge (in current I) increases by V

    I Potential of charge decreases by IR


    R
    Terminal voltage: V  IR
    Kirchhoff’s junction rule

    Kirchhoff’s junction rule states that the sum of the currents entering a junction
    must equal the sum of the currents leaving the junction. In this case, for the junction
    labeled A:

    I1 = I2 + I3 or I1 - I2 - I3 = 0
    Kirchhoff’s loop rule

    Kirchhoff’s loop rule states that as one moves around a closed loop in a
    circuit the algebraic sum of all potential differences must be zero.
    The electric potential:
    • increases as one moves from the minus to the plus plate of a battery
    • decreases as one moves through a resistor in the direction of the current
    Kirchoff’s Rules
    I1
    • Algebraic sum of the
    I2 I3
    currents entering any
    junction equals zero.

    At junction B I1 - I2 - I3 = 0 I1 = I2 + I3

    • Algebraic sum of all potential drops around any


    closed loop equals zero

    V
    around
    i 0
    closed
    loop
    Analyzing a simple circuit

    Use either equivalent resistance


    or Kirchhoff’s laws:

    Use any two of these three loops:

    -I3R-I1R= 0 I3R-I2R= 0 -I2R-I1R= 0


    Kirchoff’s Rules — Multi-loop Circuits
    – Three unknowns so need three I1
    equations
    I2 I3
    – Assume directions for current
    flow
    – At junction B

    I1  I 2  I 3
    – Clockwise around left
    loop  I1 R1  E1  E3  I 2 R2  0
    – Clockwise around
    right loop
     I 2 R2  E3  E2  I 3 R3  0
    • Example: Find I1, I2, I3
    I1  I 2  I 3 I1

     I1 R1  E1  E3  I 2 R2  0 I2 I3

     I 2 R2  E3  E2  I 3 R3  0
    – There is another loop (around outside) but it gives no
    new info, just the sum of the eqns above
    – Also, junction at bottom gives no new info
    – Get a new independent equation any time can
    introduce a new current, resistor, or battery term
    – Many ways to solve these equations
    – You should be able to write these down for test
    Solve 3 simultaneous equations

    I1 -I2 -I3 = 0
    R1I1 +R2I2 =  1 - 3
    +R2I2 -R3I3 =  2 - 3

    I1 = -0.76A
    Answers I2 = 0.13A
    I3 = -0.89A

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