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Basic Computer Organization and Architecture

The document provides an overview of basic computer organization and architecture. It discusses how computers work by taking input, storing and processing information using a central processing unit (CPU) and memory, and producing output. The CPU contains control and execution units, and uses an arithmetic logic unit to manipulate data. Information is stored in both primary and secondary memory and represented using binary digits. The core components of a computer and how they work together to process instructions are also described.

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abhinav Jha
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© © All Rights Reserved
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62 views

Basic Computer Organization and Architecture

The document provides an overview of basic computer organization and architecture. It discusses how computers work by taking input, storing and processing information using a central processing unit (CPU) and memory, and producing output. The CPU contains control and execution units, and uses an arithmetic logic unit to manipulate data. Information is stored in both primary and secondary memory and represented using binary digits. The core components of a computer and how they work together to process instructions are also described.

Uploaded by

abhinav Jha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basic Computer Organization &

Architecture

by Dr. Jaya Bhattacharjee


Why Computer
• Use of different kinds of technology which has
helped to make life on board much easier and
more comfortable then before
• Use of computer helps to store, retrieve,
transmit, analyse and interpret different
parameters such as range of temperatures,
pressures, level changes ….
• Use of computer to maintain the inventory 
• Use of computer based PMS(planned
maintenance system) application
Introduction
• How Computer Works

• How Information is represented inside


computer

• Different Parts of Computer

• How a software controls hardware


Introduction
• A machine can built to do thinking work, like
solving different equations.

• Pioneers of computer science realized that the


machine had to perform four different tasks
• Input
• Store Information
• Process it
• Output
IBM's first transistorized supercomputer
Input
• Store information in memory

• Processor takes information from memory


then manipulate it using commands

• Store in memory and output is ready


Memory Unit

• Memory unit is used to store the data and


program. CPU can work with the information
stored in memory unit. This memory unit is
termed as primary memory or main memory
module.
• These are basically semi conductor memories.
Memory Unit
• There ate two types of semiconductor
memories -
• Volatile Memory : RAM (Random Access
Memory).
• Non-Volatile Memory : ROM (Read only
Memory), PROM (Programmable ROM),
EPROM (Erasable PROM), EEPROM (Electrically
Erasable PROM).
Memory Hierarchy
Secondary Memory

• There is another kind of storage device, apart from


primary or main memory, which is known as
secondary memory. Secondary memories are non
volatile memory and it is used for permanent
storage of data and program.
• Hard Disk, Floppy Disk, Magnetic Tape ------ These are
magnetic devices,
• CD-ROM ------ is optical device
• Thumb drive (or pen drive) ------ is semiconductor
memory.
Central Processing Unit
• Central processor unit consists of two basic
blocks :
– The program control unit has a set of registers and
control circuit to generate control signals.
– The execution unit or data processing unit
contains a set of registers for storing data and an
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) for execution of
arithmetic and logical operations.

• In addition, CPU may have some additional


registers for temporary storage of data.
Central Processing Unit

• CPU can perform the job depending on the program


stored in main memory.

• ALU which can perform four arithmetic operations and


four logical operations

• Control unit, its task is to generate the appropriate


signal at right moment.

• There is an instruction decoder in CPU which decodes


this information in such a way that computer can
perform the desired task
Registers

• A register is a group of binary cells. A cell


stores one bit of information.
Output
• Texts
• Photos
• Videos
• Signal to control robot
• Two machines are connected over the
internet, then output of one computer is input
to another and vice versa
Digital Computer Example
Memory

Control
CPU unit Datapath

Inputs: keyboard,
Outputs: LCD
mouse, wireless,
screen, wireless,
microphone Input/Output speakers
Synchronous or
Asynchronous?

Chapter 1 16
BIT
• on/off state of a single wire is called bit.
1 Wire 0 1

2 Wires 00 01 10 11

3 Wires 000 001 010 011 100 110 101 111

• The smallest unit of information that is represented


in computer is known as Bit ( Binary Digit ), which is
either 0 or 1. Four bits together is known as Nibble,
and Eight bits together is known as Byte.
• With more bits we can represent more complex
information
Binary Number System
• Decimal number system we have 10 digits
from 0 to 9.

• In binary we have two digits, 0 and 1.


Decimal Number
1 2 9 0
base 10 and
1x 103 + 2x 102 + 9x 101 + 0x 100 coefficient 0 to 9

9
9x 100

Binary Number
9
1x 23 + 0x 22 + 0x 21 + 1x 20 base 2 and
coefficient 0 and 1
• Text, Images and Sound can be represent with
numbers
INFORMATION REPRESENTATION - Signals
• Information variables represented by physical
quantities. 
• For digital systems, the variables take on discrete values.

• Two level, or binary values are the most prevalent values


in digital systems. 
• Binary values are represented abstractly by:
– digits 0 and 1
– words (symbols) False (F) and True (T)
– words (symbols) Low (L) and High (H)
– and words On and Off.
• Binary values are represented by values or ranges of
values of physical quantities

Chapter 1 21
Circuits
• A computer needs to modify and combine the
input signal. To do this computer uses tiny
electronic components, which together form
circuits

• Electronic digital circuits are also called logical


circuits, as with the proper input, they
establish logical manipulation path.
DIGITAL & COMPUTER SYSTEMS - Digital
System
• Takes a set of discrete information inputs and discrete
internal information (system state) and generates a set of
discrete information outputs.

Discrete Discrete
Inputs Information
Processing Discrete
System Outputs

System State
Chapter 1 23
Computer Architecture
• Computer architecture refers to those
parameters of a computer system that are
visible to a programmer or those parameters
that have a direct impact on the logical
execution of a program.
• Examples of architectural attributes include the
instruction set, the number of bits used to
represent different data types, I/O mechanisms,
and techniques for addressing memory.
Computer organization
• Computer organization refers to the
operational units and their interconnections
that realize the architectural specifications.
Examples of organizational attributes include
those hardware details transparent to the
programmer,
• such as control signals, interfaces between the
computer and peripherals, and the memory
technology used.

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