CHP 9

The Islamia University of Bahawalpur
University College of Engineering &

Technology
EEN-324
Power Electronics
DC Choppers
Chp#9
1
Engr. Affifa Adeeb
INTRODUCTION
 DC-DC converter (chopper) is used to convert constant DC
voltage into variable DC voltage.
 In DC-DC conversion circuits, thyristors are used as switching

elements. Here thyristors must be turned off using forced
commutation as they lack facility of natural commutation
that is available in AC circuits.
 Buck chopper produces output that is less than or equal to

input voltage.
 Boost chopper provides an output voltage that is greater than

or equal to input voltage.
 Typical application of DC choppers is DC motor speed

2
control.
PRINCIPLES OF BASIC DC
CHOPPERS
Basic DC Chopper
 Switch is turned on and off periodically. In this way

constant voltage can be connected to and disconnected
from the load.
 By a periodic application of constant voltage at a

particular frequency across the load, variable voltage can
be achieved by controlling the on period of the switch. 3
 Instantaneous voltage across load is either zero (S
off) or Vi (S on).
 Average (DC) output voltage over a cycle is:
V0= TON Vi
TON+TOFF
V0=TON Vi
T
V0=d Vi 4
Output voltage as function of duty cycle
Output voltage varies linearly with duty cycle.
It is possible to control output voltage from zero

to Vi as duty cycle varies from zero to 1.
5
METHODS FOR VARING AVERAGE
OUTPUT VOLTAGE
Pulse-Width Modulation Pulse-Frequency Modulation
 Pulse width TON is varied  Pulse width TON is kept

while overall switching constant while the period
period is kept constant. (frequency) is varied.
6
STEP-DOWN (BUCK)
CHOPPER
7
Basic Step-Down Chopper circuit
Equivalent circuit for on state Equivalent Circuit for off state

8
Continous Current Mode
 As elements are ideal,

DC power drawn from
source must equal
the DC power
absorbed by load.
P0 = Pi
V0 I0 = Vi Ii
I0 =Vi * Ii
V0
=Vi * Ii
Vi d
I0 = Ii_
d 9
Discontinous Current Mode
10
STEP-UP (BOOST)
CHOPPER
11
Basic Step-Up Chopper Circuit
On State Off state 12

On-State Off-State
 When S is on (D is off),  When S is off (D is on),
capacitor energy supplies the inductor voltage reverses its
load voltage. polarity and adds in input
Vo=Vc (if capacitor is voltage to provide output
charged) voltage which is equal to:
V0=Vi+VL
 During on-state of switch S,
 During off state of S,
voltage across inductor capacitor charges and voltage
instantly becomes equal to at it gradually build up to
input supply voltage. Current Vi+VL
through it increases (This capacitor voltages
gradually and stores energy serves as load voltage when
in its magnetic field. next time S in on)
 If S is off forever, inductor
acts as short circuit. It does
 For very first time, when S is
not develop any voltage and
closed Vo=0, as capacitor is
not charged. Vo= Vi 13
Voltage and current
waveforms for duty cycle
50%
d= 0.5 means Switch is on and
off for equal time intervals.
Energy that inductor develops

during on-state is completely
dessipated during off-state.
If duty cycle increases above

0.5, inductor will not
dessipate its energy
completely in off-states. The
remaining inductor voltage
(due to left-over energy) adds
up next time when switch is
off and more increased
voltage appears at output. 14
If duty cycle increases above 0.5, inductor will not dessipate its energy
completely in off-states. The remaining inductor voltage (due to left-
over energy) adds up next time when switch is off and more increased
voltage appears at output.
Neglecting losses, energy transferred by inductance during TOFF

must equal the energy gained by it during period TON
Final expression for output load voltage is:
Vo=Vi [1/(1-d)]
If switch is open (d=0), output voltage is equal to input

voltage. As d increases, output voltage becomes larger than
input voltage.
So output voltage is always higher than input voltage if switch
is operated at an appropriately high frequency.
15
BUCK-BOOST CHOPPER
16
On State Off State 17
18

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The Islamia University of Bahawalpur

University College of Engineering &

 In DC-DC conversion circuits, thyristors are used as switching

 Buck chopper produces output that is less than or equal to

 Boost chopper provides an output voltage that is greater than

 Typical application of DC choppers is DC motor speed

 Switch is turned on and off periodically. In this way

 By a periodic application of constant voltage at a

Output voltage varies linearly with duty cycle.

It is possible to control output voltage from zero

 Pulse width TON is varied  Pulse width TON is kept

Equivalent circuit for on state Equivalent Circuit for off state

 As elements are ideal,

On State Off state 12

Energy that inductor develops

If duty cycle increases above

Neglecting losses, energy transferred by inductance during TOFF

If switch is open (d=0), output voltage is equal to input

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