Information

Technology
(Communication in IT)
Information Technology,
processing and distribution of data
using computer hardware and
software, telecommunications, and
digital electronics.
• Computer System
Personal Computer
 Computer System
A typical computer system consists of a central
processing unit (CPU), input devices, storage
devices, and output devices. The CPU consists of
an arithmetic/logic unit, registers, control
section, and internal bus. The arithmetic/logic
unit carries out arithmetical and logical
operations. The registers store data and keep
track of operations. The control unit regulates
and controls various operations. The internal bus
connects the units of the CPU with each other
and with external components of the system. For
most computers, the principal input devices are
a keyboard and a mouse. Storage devices
include hard disks, CD-ROM drives, and random
access memory (RAM) chips. Output devices that
display data include monitors and printers.
• Software, computer programs;
instructions that cause the hardware—the
machines—to do work. Software as a
whole can be divided into a number of
categories based on the types of work
done by programs. The two primary
software categories are operating
systems (system software), which control
the workings of the computer, and
application software, which addresses the
multitude of tasks for which people use
computers.
• System software thus handles such essential,
but often invisible, chores as maintaining disk
files and managing the screen, whereas
application software performs word processing,
database management, and the like. Two
additional categories that are neither system nor
application software, although they contain
elements of both, are network software, which
enables groups of computers to communicate,
and language software, which provides
programmers with the tools they need to write
programs.
Telecommunication
 Telecommunication
•
Telecommunications, devices and sy
stems that transmit electronic or
optical signals across long distances.
Telecommunications enables people
around the world to contact one
another, to access information
instantly, and to communicate from
remote areas.
Electronics

(technology of electronic
devices)
the branch of technology
concerned with the design,
manufacture, and maintenance
of electronic devices.
 Telecommunication
•
Telecommunications, devices and sy
stems that transmit electronic or
optical signals across long distances.
Telecommunications enables people
around the world to contact one
another, to access information
instantly, and to communicate from
remote areas.
 Telecommunication
• Telecommunications usually involves a
sender of information and one or more
recipients linked by a technology, such as a
telephone system, that transmits information
from one place to another. Telecommunications
enables people to send and receive personal
messages across town, between countries, and
to and from outer space. It also provides the key
medium for delivering news, data, information,
and entertainment.
 Telecommunication
Telecommunications devices convert different
types of information, such as sound and video,
into electronic or optical signals. Electronic
signals typically travel along a medium such as
copper wire or are carried over the air as radio
waves. Optical signals typically travel along a
medium such as strands of glass fibers. When a
signal reaches its destination, the device on the
receiving end converts the signal back into an
understandable message, such as sound over a
telephone, moving images on a television, or
words and pictures on a computer screen.
 Telecommunication
Telecommunications messages can be sent in a
variety of ways and by a wide range of devices.
The messages can be sent from one sender to a
single receiver (point-to-point) or from one
sender to many receivers (point-to-multipoint).
Personal communications, such as a telephone
conversation between two people or a facsimile
(fax) message usually involve point-to-point
transmission.
Point-to-multipoint telecommunications, often
called broadcasts, provide the basis for
commercial radio and television programming.
 How Telecommunication works?
• Telecommunications begin with
messages that are converted
into electronic or optical signals.
Some signals, such as those that
carry voice or music, are created
in an analog or wave format, but
may be converted into a digital
or mathematical format for faster
and more efficient transmission.
How Telecommunication woks?
• The signals are then sent over a
medium to a receiver, where
they are decoded back into a
form that the person receiving
the message can understand.
There are a variety of ways to
create and decode signals, and
many different ways to transmit
signals.
Creating and receiving
signal
 Telegraph

• Devices such as the telegraph and
telephone relay messages by
creating modulated electrical
impulses, or impulses that change in
a systematic way. These impulses
are then sent along wires, through
the air as radio waves, or via other
media to a receiver that decodes the
modulation.
The telegraph, the earliest method of
delivering telecommunications, works
by converting the contacts
(connections between two conductors
that permit a flow of current) between
a telegraph key and a metal conductor
into electrical impulses. These
impulses are sent along a wire to a
receiver, which converts the impulses
into short and long bursts of sound or
into dots and dashes on a simple
printing device.
Specific sequences of dots and dashes represent
letters of the alphabet. In the early days of the
telegraph, these sequences were decoded by
telegraph operators (Morse Code, International).
In this way, telegraph operators could transmit
and receive letters that spelled words. Later
versions of the telegraph could decipher letters
and numbers automatically. Telegraphs have
been largely replaced by other forms of
telecommunications, such as electronic mail (e-
mail), but they are still used in some parts of the
world to send messages.
The telephone uses a diaphragm (small
membrane) connected to a magnet and a wire
coil to convert sound into an analog or electrical
waveform representation of the sound. When a
person speaks into the telephone’s microphone,
sound waves created by the voice vibrate the
diaphragm, which in turn creates electrical
impulses that are sent along a telephone wire.
The receiver’s wire is connected to a speaker,
which converts the modulated electrical impulses
back into sound.
Early Telephones
Cellular radio phones
• Broadcast radio and cellular radio
telephones are examples of devices that
create signals by modulating radio
waves. A radio wave is one type of
electromagnetic radiation, a form of
energy that travels in waves. Microwaves
are also electromagnetic waves, but with
shorter wavelengths and higher
frequencies. In telecommunications, a
transmitter creates and emits radio
waves.
• The transmitter electronically modulates
or encodes sound or other information
onto the radio waves by varying either
the amplitude (height) of the radio waves,
or by varying the frequency (number) of
the waves within an established range A
receiver (tuner) tuned to a specific
frequency or range of frequencies will
pick up the modulation added to the radio
waves. A speaker connected to the tuner
converts the modulation back into sound.
• Broadcast television works in a similar fashion.
A television camera takes the light reflected
from a scene and converts it into an electronic
signal, which is transmitted over high-
frequency radio waves. A television set
contains a tuner that receives the signal and
uses that signal to modulate the images seen
on the picture tube. The picture tube contains
an electron gun that shoots electrons onto a
photo-sensitive display screen. The electrons
illuminate the screen wherever they fall, thus
creating moving pictures.
Television Picture Tube

• .
• Telegraphs, telephones, radio, and television
all work by modifying electronic signals,
making the signals imitate, or reproduce, the
original message. This form of transmission is
known as analog transmission. Computers and
other types of electronic equipment, however,
transmit digital information. Digital technologies
convert a message into an electronic or optical
form first by measuring different qualities of the
message, such as the pitch and volume of a
voice, many times.
• These measurements are then encoded into
multiple series of binary numbers, or 1s and
0s. Finally, digital technologies create and send
impulses that correspond to the series of 1s
and 0s. Digital information can be transmitted
faster and more clearly than analog signals,
because the impulses only need to correspond
to two digits and not to the full range of
qualities that compose the original message,
such as the pitch and volume of a human
voice.
• While digital transmissions can be
sent over wires, cables or radio
waves, they must be decoded by a
digital receiver. New digital
telephones and televisions are being
developed to make
telecommunications more efficient.
Personal Computer
• Personal computers primarily communicate
with each other and with larger networks, such
as the Internet, by using the ordinary telephone
network. Increasing numbers of computers rely
on broadband networks provided by telephone
and cable television companies to send text,
music, and video over the Internet at high
speeds. Since the telephone network functions
by converting sound into electronic signals, the
computer must first convert its digital data into
sound.
• Computers do this with a device called a
modem, which is short for
modulator/demodulator. A modem
converts the stream of 1s and 0s from a
computer into an analog signal that can
then be transmitted over the telephone
network, as a speaker’s voice would. The
modem of the receiving computer
demodulates the analog sound signal
back into a digital form that the computer
can understand.
 T h a n k y o u…
To be continued…