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Basic SQL: Section 4.1-4.7

This document provides an overview of basic SQL concepts including: - The typical structure of an SQL query with SELECT, FROM, and WHERE clauses - Common SQL operations like aggregates, joins, unions, and subqueries - How to define views and use them to simplify queries - Data types, null values, string operations and more It uses examples to illustrate key SQL elements and their usage in writing queries to extract and manipulate data from relational databases.

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nancy_01
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
36 views

Basic SQL: Section 4.1-4.7

This document provides an overview of basic SQL concepts including: - The typical structure of an SQL query with SELECT, FROM, and WHERE clauses - Common SQL operations like aggregates, joins, unions, and subqueries - How to define views and use them to simplify queries - Data types, null values, string operations and more It uses examples to illustrate key SQL elements and their usage in writing queries to extract and manipulate data from relational databases.

Uploaded by

nancy_01
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 30

Basic SQL

Section 4.1- 4.7

By Rahul Mehta

1
Overview

 Background
 Basic Structure
 Set Operations
 Aggregate Functions
 Null Values
 Nested Subqueries
 Views

2
Background

 IBM developed the original version of SQL at


its San Jose Research Laboratory
 Evolved as The Sequel language, its name
has changed to SQL (Structured Query
Language)
 SQL has clearly established itself as the
standard relational-database language

3
Different parts of SQL

 Data-definition language
 Interactive data-manipulation language
 View definition
 Transaction Control
 Embedded SQL and dynamic SQL
 Integrity
 Authorization

4
Basic Structure of SQL
 Consists of three clauses:
(i) Select
- Used to list the attributes desired in the result of a query.
(ii) From
- Lists the relations to be scanned in the evaluation of the expression.
(iii) Where
- Consists of a predicate involving attributes of the relations that appear in the from
clause.

5
A typical SQL query form

 Select: A1, A2,….An


 Ai represents an attribute.
 From: r1, r2,….rm
 ri is a relation
 Where: P
 P represents a predicate.

6
The Select Clause

 Example of a Simple Query:


 “Find the names of all branches in the
loan relation”
select branch-name
from loan

7
More examples continued

 Inserting keyword distinct after select we


can eliminate duplication
 For instance:
select distinct branch-name
from loan
 Inserting keyword all after select helps
restoring duplication.

8
The where clause

 Example:
“Find all loan numbers for loans made at the
Perryridge branch with loan amounts greater than
$ 1200.”

select loan-number
from loan
where branch-name = ‘Perryridge’ and amount > 1200

9
More examples of Where
clause
 Logical connectives like and, or, and not are
used in the where clause
 Example:
 Loan number of those loans with loan amounts
between $90,000 & $ 100,000
select loan number
from loan
where amount between 90000 and 100000

10
The from Clause

 Defines a Cartesian product of the


relations in the clause.
 Example:
 “For all customers who have a loan from
the bank, find their names, loan numbers
and loan amount”

11
The from Clause (Con’d)

select customer-name, borrower.loan-


number, amount
from borrower, loan
where borrower.loan-number =
loan.loan-number

12
The Rename Operation

 Uses as clause to rename both, relations


and attributes
 The as clause takes the form in SQL:

old-name as new-name

13
The Rename Operation
(Con’d)
 Example:
 To change attribute name loan-number to be replaced
with name loan-id :

select customer-name, borrower.loan-number as loan-


id, amount
from borrower, loan
where borrower.loan-number = loan.loan-number

14
String Operations

 SQL specifies by enclosing in single quotes,


for example, ‘Perryridge’
 “%” character is use to match any substring.
 “_” character is use to match any character
 It expresses patterns by using the like
comparison operator

15
String Operations (Con’d)

 Example:
 Find the names of all customers whose
street address includes the substring
‘Main’
select customer-name
from customer
where customer-street like ‘%Main%’

16
Set Operations

 Operations such as union, intersect, ad


except operate on relations.
 Corresponds to relational-algebra
operations ,  and .
 Relations participating in the operations
must be compatible; i.e. must have same
set of attributes.

17
Union Operation

 Example:
 To find all customers having a loan, an
account, or both at bank:
(select customer-name
from depositor)
union
(select customer-name
from borrower)

18
Intersect Operation

 Example:
 To find all customers who have both a loan
and an account at the bank:
(select distinct customer-name
from depositor)
intersect
(select distinct customer-name
from borrower)

19
Except Operation

 Example:
 To find all customers who have an account but
no loan at the bank:
(select distinct customer-name)
from depositor)
except
(select customer-name
from borrower)

20
Aggregate Functions

 These functions take a collection of values as


input and return a single value.
 SQL offers five built-in aggregate functions:
 Average: avg
 Minimum: min
 Maximum: max
 Total: sum
 Count: count

21
Aggregate Functions (Con’d)

 Example:
 Find the average account balance at the
Perryridge branch.”
select avg (balance)
from account
where branch-name =‘Perryridge’

22
Null Values

 Used to indicate absence of information


about the value of an attribute.
 Can use special keyword null in a
predicate to test for a null value.

23
Null Values (Con’d)

 Example:

select loan-number
from loan
where amount is null

24
Nested Subqueries

 A subquery is a select-from-where
expression that is nested within another
query.
 Common use includes:
 Perform tests for set membership
 Make set comparisons
 Determine set cardinality

25
Nested Subqueries (Con’d)

 Example:
 Find those customers who are borrowers from
the bank and who appear in the list of account
holders obtained in the subquery
select distinct customer-name
from borrower
where customer-name in (select customer-
name from depositor)

26
Views

 We define a view in SQL by using the


create view command.
 To define a view, we must give the view
a name and must state the query that
computes the view.

27
Views (Con’d)

 Example:
 Using view all-customer, we can find all
customers of the Perryridge branch:
select customer-name
from all-customer
where branch-name = ‘Perryridge’

28
Bibliography

 Silbershcatz, A., Korth, H. and


Sudarshan, S. (2002). Database System
Concepts, 4th Edition

29
The End

Good Luck for the Quiz !!

30

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