Linear and Angular Measurements: Unit - 2
Linear and Angular Measurements: Unit - 2
Linear and Angular Measurements: Unit - 2
MEASUREMENTS
UNIT -2
METROLOGY
METROLOGY is defined as a measurement of length and
angles and other such quantities which are expressed in
linear and angular measurement.
• ENGINEERING METROLOGY is the measurement of
dimensions: length, thickness, diameter, taper,
angle,flatness, profiles, and others.
• IMPORTANTCE OF METROLOGY
• To achieve quality control in production
• To achieve up to date production, knowledge of The
measurement require.
• To reduce rejection with the help of quality control.
• To develop inspection procedure .
• To calibrate measuring instrument time to time
TERMS USED IN METROLOGY
• SPECIFICATION:
Every product and part have some certain
characteristics .It gives certain thoughts of that
particular product. Its called specification. It gives
easy to understand production method.
• STANDARD :
Standard is define as , it is a physical quantity
which is established by higher authority or
organization .This standard is reliable and acceptable
to measure physical quantity. Ex. METER
LENGTH STANDARD
DIRECT INDIRECT
MEASURING MEASURING
INSTRUMENTS INSTRUMENTS
GRADUATED NON-GRADUATED
OUTSIDE
INSIDE
CALLIPERS
TRANSFER
ODD LEG
TYPES OF LINEAR MEASURERMNT
INSTRUMNETS
• SURFACE PLATE
• SPIRIT LEVELS
• COMBINATION SET
• UNIVERSAL SURFACE GAUGE
• ENGINEER’S SQUARE
• ENGINEER’S PARALLEL’S
• PLANER GAUGE
• FEELER GAUGE
TYPES OF LINEAR MEASURERMNT
INSTRUMNETS
• SCREW PITCH GAUGE
• RADIUS GAUGE
• WIRE GAUGE
• VERNIER CALLIPERS
• VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE
• VERNIER DEPTH GAUGE
• SLIP GAUGES
TYPES OF LINEAR MEASURERMNT
INSTRUMNETS
• MICROMETERS
• TELESCOPIC GAUGE OUTSIDE
INSIDE
MICROMETERS
SCREW
THREAD
DEPTH GAUGE
STEEL RULE
CALLIPERS
CALLIPERS
CALLIPERS
SURFACE PLATE
• Surface plates are a very common tool in the
manufacturing industry and are often
permanently attached to robotic type
inspection devices such as a coordinate-
measuring machine.
• Material Granite, CI, Glass
SURFACE PLATE
SPIRIT LEVELS
COMBINATION SET
• This is a commonly used
versatile, non –precision
instrument. It is used in
layout and inspection
work.
• It consists of:
1. Protractor head
2. Square head
3. Center head
4. Steel rule
SURFACE GAUGE &
ENGINEERS SQUARE
SURFACE GAUGE &
ENGINEERS SQUARE
ENGINEER’S PARALLELS
• These are generally used in tool room for setting the work pieces at
desired distances in milling, grinding, and shaper vices or for checking
purpose on the surface plate.
ENGINEER’S PARALLELS
PLANER GAUGE
• This is a convenient and quick way of securing variable height above the
surface plate.
• It consists of two triangular shaped blocks with sloping sides which can be
clamped.
FEELER GAUGE
• A feeler gauge (also
known as a thickness
gauge) is an accurately
manufactured strip of
metal that is used to
determine the gap or
clearance between two
components.
FEELER GAUGES
FEELER GAUGE
• A feeler gauge can be
used to check the
following:
– Piston ring gap
– Piston ring side clearance
– Connecting rod side
clearance
RADIUS GAUGES
• A radius gauge is a tool used to measure the
radius of an object.
RADIUS GAUGES
THREAD PITCH GAUGE
• It used to quickly determine the pitch of
various threads by matching the teeth on the
leaves with teeth on the work.
WIRE GAUGE
• These are used to find the diameters of wires by inserting the
wire in the notches provided and finding out which it fits.
VERNIER CALLIPERS
• These are employed for both internal and
external measurements.
• Vernier calipers are available in size of 150 mm,
225 mm, 900 mm and 1200 mm. The selection of
the size depends on the measurements to be
taken. Vernier calipers are precision instruments,
and extreme care should be taken while handing
them.
VERNIER CALLIPERS
VERNIER CALLIPERS
In the Vernier caliper shown in fig the main scale division (9mm) are divided
in to 10 equal parts in the Vernier scale.
i.e. one main scale division (MSD) =1mm
A micro meter is a
precision instrument
used to measure a job,
generally within an
accuracy of
0.01mm.Micrometer
used to take the outside
measurements are
know as outside
micrometer
OUTSIDE MICROMETERS
Various Parts are:
1. U-shaped steel frame.
2. Anvil & Spindle
3. Lock nut
4. Sleeve or Barrel
5. Thimble
6. Ratchet or Friction
Thimble
OUTSIDE MICROMETERS
OUTSIDE MICROMETER
• AA slip gauges
• B slip gauges
SLIP GAUGES
• AA slip gauges
– Master slip gauges
– Accurate to plus or minus two microns per meter
• A slip gauges
– Reference purpose
– Type A is guaranteed accurate up to plus or minus four
microns per meter
• B slip gauges
– Working slip gauges
– Type 'B' for plus or minus eight microns per meter
SLIP GAUGES CLASSES
• Grade II
• Grade I
• Grade 0
• Grade 00
• Calibration grade
GRADE 2
• Parts are :
1. A – PINION (P1)
2. B- GEAR (G1)
3. C- PINION (P2)
4. D – GEAR (G2)
5. E – PINION (P3)
6. F – GEAR (G3)
7. H – HAIR SPRING
8. S – COIL SPRING
9. G – RACK GUIDE
10. PLUNGER
11. RACK
DIAL INDICATORS
GEAR AND PINION MECHANISM
DIAL INDICATORS
GEAR AND PINION MECHANISM
• There is a plunger which is a perfect sliding fit in its own bearings.
• This carries a rack which accurately meshes with a pinion A. The rotation
of the plunger about its own axis is prevented by a pin attached to it,
which is located in a slot in a rack guide G.
• In order to keep the plunger in an extended or normal position a light coil
spring S is employed.
• The spring exerts a pressure .
• A small movement of the contact point causes the rack to turn the pinion
A with which it is meshed.
• A large gear B is attached to the same spindle as pinion A.
• The gear B is further meshed with a pinion C, which thus magnifies the
movement of pinion A.
• Attached to the second pinion C is another gear D which meshes with a
third pinion E mounted on the same spindle as the indicator pointer
DIAL INDICATORS
GEAR AND PINION MECHANISM
• Magnification = NG2 * NG1/(NP3*NP2)
NGI, NG2,NP2, NP3 are number of teeth of gears G1 & G2 AND pinion P2 &
P3.
• This magnification is further enlarged at the tip of the pointer by an
amount dependent upon its length.
• The overall magnification for any dial gauge may be thus calculated by
measuring the distance between division on the scale and dividing this
dimension by the equivalent movement of the measuring plunger.
• In order to take up the backlash, a light hair spring H is always fitted to
the dial gauge gear trains by meshing a gear F to pinion E and attaching
spring if with F.
• In order to prevent gear backlash, the gears are precision cut and the
movement assembly resembles that of high-grade
DIAL INDICATORS LIMITATIONS
• Draw backs (limitations) of Dial Indicators are:
1. Wear of plunger bearing surfaces, gear bearing
points etc. causes an error in the measurement.
2. Accuracy of the instrument is reduced due to
backlash in gear and pinion or gear train.
3. As the plunger moves inside, the contact
pressure of the plunger increases. The variations
in the plunger contact pressure also introduces
error in the measurements.
ANGULAR MEASUREMENTS
• Angular measurements are frequently necessary for the
manufacturing of interchangeable parts.
• Precise angular measuring devices can be used in astronomy to
determine the relation of the stars and their approximate distances.
• The angle is defined as the opening between two lines which meet at
a point.
• If a circle is divided into 360 parts, then each part is called a degree
(°).
• The basic unit for angular measurements id degree(°).
1° = 60’ (minutes) & 1’ = 60’’(seconds)
• An alternate method of defining the angle is radian.
2π radians = 360° & 1 radian = 57.2958°
ANGULAR MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS
50º
4 x 5'= 20'
Reading =
50º 20'
VERNIER BEVEL POTRACTOR USES
The bevel protractor is used for several measurements as follows:
• Use of bevel protractor for checking inside beveled face of a ground
surface.
• Use of bevel protractor for checking “V” block.
• Use of Vernier protractor for measuring the acute angle.
UNIVERSAL BEVEL POTRACTOR
• The universal bevel protractor is used for
measuring and laying out of angles accurately
and precisely within 5 minutes.
• The protractor dial is slotted to hold a blade
which can be rotated with the dial to the
required angle.
• It can also be adjusted independently to any
desired length.
• The blade can be locked in any position.
UNIVERSAL BEVEL POTRACTOR
OPTICAL BEVEL POTRACTOR
• This is a recent development of the Vernier bevel protractor.
• It is possible to take reading upto approximately 2 minutes of an
arc.
• The interval circular scale is graduated in division of 10 minutes
of arc.
• Readings are taken against Vernier by means optical magnifying
system which is integral with the system.
• The zero position corresponds to the condition when the blade is
parallel to the stock.
• Provision is also made for adjusting the focus of the system for
normal variation in the eye sight.
• The scale and the Vernier are so arranged that they are always in
focus in the optical system.
OPTICAL BEVEL POTRACTOR
SPIRIT LEVELS
• Spirit level is one of the most commonly used instruments
for inspecting the horizontal position of surfaces and for
evaluating the direction and magnitude of minor deviation
from that nominal condition.
• It essentially consists of a close glass tube of accurate form.
• It is called as the vial.
• It is filled almost entirely with a liquid, leaving a small space
for the formation of an air or gas bubble. Generally, low
viscosity fluids, such as ether, alcohol or benzol, are
preferred for filling the vial.
• The liquid due to its greater specific weight tends to fill the
lower portion of the closed space.
SPIRIT LEVELS
• Upper side of the vial is graduated in linear units.
• Inclination of a surface can be known from the
deviation of the bubble from its position when the
spirit level is kept in a horizontal plane.
• Temperature variations in the ambient condition cause
both liquid and vial to expand or contract.
• Therefore, selection of proper liquid and material for
the spirit level is very important for accurate result.
• To reduce the effect of heat transfer in handling spirit
levels are made of a relatively stable casting and are
equipped with thermally insulated handles.
SPIRIT LEVELS
SPIRIT LEVELS SENSITIVITY
Sensitivity of the vial used in spirit level is commonly
expressed in the following two ways.
• Each graduation line representing a specific slope is
defined by a tangent relationship,
e.g. 0.01 cm per meter.
• An angular value is assigned to the vial length
covered by the distance of two adjacent graduation
lines, i.e. the distance moved by the bubble from the
zero will correspond the angle directly.
SINE BAR
• Sine bar is a tool used for accurate setting out
of angles by arranging to convert angular
measurement to linear ones.
• Sine bars in conjunction with slip gauges
constitute a very good device for precise
measurement of angles. Sine bars are used
either to measure angles very accurately or
for locating any work to a given angle with
very close limits.
SINE BARS
SINE BAR
• Sine bars are made from high carbon steel, high
chromium, corrosion resistant steel, hardened, ground &
stabilized. The axes of the cylinders used in sine bars are
mutually parallel to each other and also parallel to and at
equal distance from the upper surface of the sine bar
• Distance b/w the axis of two cylinders is exactly 5 or 10
inches in British system, and 100, 200 & 300 mm in
metric system.
• All the working surfaces and surfaces of rollers are
finished to surface finish of 0.2mm or better
SINE BAR
Measures for Accurate Results:
i. Contact rollers must be equal diameter & true
geometric cylinders
ii. Distance b/w the rollers axis must be precise &
known, & these axis must be mutually parallel
iii. The upper surface of the bar must be flat &
parallel with the roller axes, & equidistance
from each other
SINE BAR
Use of Sine Bars
1. Measuring known angles, or locating any work to a given angle
θ = sin¯¹ (H/L)
H – height of slip gauges
L – Length of the sine bar i.e. distance between rollers
2. Checking of unknown angles
3. Checking of Unknown angles of heavy components
SINE BAR
SINE BAR
SINE BAR
SINE BAR
Precautions in the use of Sine Bars
1. As for as possible longer sine bar should be
used since many errors are reduced by using
longer sine bars
2. The sine bar should not used for angle greater
than 60 degree because any possible error in
construction is accentuated at this limit
3. Accuracy of sine bar should be ensured
SINE BAR
Limitations of sine bar are:
• Sine principle is fairly reliable at angles less than 15°but becomes
inaccurate as the angle increases.
• The sine bar is physically clumsy to hold in position.
• The body of the sine bar obstructs the gauge block stack, even if
relieved.
• Slight errors of the sine bar cause large angular errors.
• Long gauge stacks are not nearly as accurate as shorter gauge
blocks.
• A difference in deformation occurs at the point of roller contact
supporting the surface and to the gauge blocks, because at higher
angles, the load is shifted more towards the fulcrum roller.
Limit gauges
115
Gauges
• Basic dimension: exact size of part from
which all limiting variations made
• Limits: maximum and minimum
dimensions
• Tolerance: permissible variation of part
– unilateral: one direction only
– Bilateral: both plus and minus (two directions)
• Allowance: intentional difference in
dimensions of mating parts
116
Fixed Gauges
• Used for inspection purposes
– Provide quick means of checking specific
dimension
• Easy to use and accurately finished to
required tolerance
– Generally finished to ten times the
tolerance designed to control
117
Cylindrical
Plug Gauges
Go
Dimensions usually
stamped on handle
at each end.
118
Cylindrical Plug Gauges
119
Cylindrical Plug gauge
120
Plain Ring Gauges
122
Taper Plug Gauges
123
Taper Plug and Ring Gauges
124
Thread Plug Gauges
126
Thread Ring Gauges
127
Snap Gauges
• One of most common types of comparative
measuring instruments
• Faster to use than micrometers
• Limited in their application
• Used to check diameters within certain
limits by comparing part size to preset
dimension of snap gauge
128
Snap Gauges
129