Metrology is defined by the International Bureau of Weights

and Measures(BIPM)as "the science of measurement,

embracing both experimental and theoretical determinations
at any level of uncertainty in any field of science and
technology
PURE SCIENCE OF MEASUREMENTS
Metrology (from Ancient Greek metron (measure) and logos (study
of)) is the science of measurement. Metrology includes all theoretical
and practical aspects of measurement.

CONCERNEDWITH:
ESTABLISHING UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
TO FORM STANDARDS
DEVELOPING METHODS OF MEASUREMENT
ANALYSING ACCURACY
FIND CAUSES OF MEASURING ERRORS &
ELIMINATE

ObjectivesofMetrology:
1. To provide accuracy at minimum cost.
2. Thorough evaluation of newly developed products, and to ensure that
components are within the specified dimensions.
3. To determine the process capabilities.
4. To assess the measuring instrument capabilities and ensure that they
are adequate for their specific measurements.
5. To reduce the cost of inspection & rejections and rework.
6. To standardize measuring methods.
7. To maintain the accuracy of measurements through periodical
calibration of the instruments.
8. To prepare designs for gauges and special inspection fixtures.

Typesofmetrology
Scientific Metrology :-

Deals with organization &

development of measurement standards

Industrial Metrology:-

Deals with ensuring the adequate

functioning of measuring instrument in industry

 LegalMetrology:-
part of metrology which treats units of measurements, methods of
measurements and the measuring instruments, in relation to the
technical and legal requirements
Activities:
Control testing,verification,standardization of measuring
instruments
Testing of prototypes/models of measuring instruments
Examination- verify its conformity to the statutory requirements

 DynamicMetrology: technique of measuring small

variations of a continuous nature
DeterministicMetrology: used in high precision
manufacturing machinery and control systems to achieve
micro technology and nanotechnology

Engineering Metrology:
Measurement of dimensions such as length, thickness,
diameter, taper, angle, flatness, profile and others
Post-Process Inspection:
Measurements taken after the part is produced
In-process, On-line or Real-Time Inspection:
Checking part characteristics while part is being produced

Sensitivity:
Is the smallest difference in dimensions that the instrument
can detect
Accuracy:
The ability of a measurement to match the actual value of the
quantity being measured
Precision:
The degree to which the instrument gives repeated
measurements of the same standard

Precision vs. Accuracy

MethodsofMeasurements
In precision measurement various methods of measurement
are adopted depending upon the accuracy required and the
amount of permissible error.
Themethodsofmeasurementcanbeclassifiedas:

l. Direct method

2. Indirect method

3. Absolute or Fundamental method4. Comparative method

5. Transposition method

6. Coincidence method

7. Deflection method 8.Complementary method

9. Contact method

10. Contact less method

DefinitionofStandards:
A standard is defined as something that is set up and established by an
authority as rule of the measure of quantity, weight, extent, value or
quality
RoleofStandards:
The role of standards is to achieve uniform, consistent and repeatable
measurements throughout the world
entire industrial economy is based on the interchangeability of parts
the method of manufacture
To achieve this, a measuring system adequate to define the features
to the accuracy required & the standards of sufficient accuracy to
support the measuring system are necessary

StandardsofMeasurements
The different types of standards of length are
1.Material Standards
(i)Line Standard When length is measured as the distance
between centers of two engraved lines.
(ii)End Standard When length is measured as the distance
between to flat parallel faces.
2.Wavelength Standard
The wavelength of a selected orange radiation of Krtypton-86 isotope
was measured and used as the basic unit of length

DefinitionofStandards:
A standard is defined as something that is set up and established by an
authority as rule of the measure of quantity, weight, extent, value or
quality
RoleofStandards:
The role of standards is to achieve uniform, consistent and repeatable
measurements throughout the world
entire industrial economy is based on the interchangeability of parts
the method of manufacture
To achieve this, a measuring system adequate to define the features
to the accuracy required & the standards of sufficient accuracy to
support the measuring system are necessary

Line Standards When length is measured as the distance between centers of two
engraved lines, it is called Line Standards. Both material Standards, yard and metre are
line standards
E.g.Scale,Rulers,ImperialStandardYard.
CharacteristicsofLineStandards:
Scale can be accurately emblemed, but the engraved lines posses thickness and it is not
possible to accurately measure
Scale is used over a wide range
Scale markings are subjected to wear. However the ends are subjected to wear and this
leads to undersize measurements
Scale does not posses built in datum. Therefore it is not possible to align the scale with
the axis of measurement
Scales are subjected to parallax errors
Assistance of magnifying glass or microscope is required.

EndStandards When length is expressed as the distance between

centers of two flat parallel faces, it is called End Standards. SlipGauges,
EndBars,EndsofmicrometerAnvils.
CharacteristicsofEndStandards
Highly accurate and used for measurement of closed tolerances in
precision engineering as well as standard laboratories, tool rooms,
inspection departments.
They require more time for measurement and measure only one
dimension.
They wear at their measuring faces
They are not subjected to parallax error.

DifferentiatebetweenLineandEndStandards
Sl no
1

2
3
4
5
6
7

Characteristi
Line Standard
cs
Principle
Length
is
expressed as
distance between
2 lines
Accuracy
Ltd. To
0.2mm.

End Standard

Length
is
expressed
as
distance between 2
ends
Highly accurate of
closed
tolerances
to 0.001mm
Ease
Quick and easy Time
consuming
and requires skill
Effect
of Wear at only the wear at measuring
wear
ends
surfaces
Allignment
Cannot be easily easily aligned
aligned
Cost
low cost
high
cost
Parallax
Effect

Subjected
parallax effect

to not subjected
parallax effect

to

Mediumresolutiondevices
Micrometer
Micrometer with assistance of
Telescoping
Extendable ball gauges

Vernier calipers
Dial indicators
Microscope

Highresolutiondevices
Gauge blocks
Gauge block with assistance of
Mechanical comparator
Electronic comparator
Pneumatic comparator
Optical flats

Measuring Instruments:
1) Length measuring Instruments.
1.1) Direct measuring.
1.2) Indirect measuring.
2) Angle measuring Instruments.
3) Instruments for surface finish.
4) Instruments for deviations.
24

LinearMeasuringInstruments

Vernier caliper
Micrometer
Slip gauge or gauge blocks
Optical flats
Interferometer
Comparators

1)Lengthmeasuring
Instruments:
1.1) Rules and tapes:

(Direct measuring)

Rules and tapes are the simplest way of measuring larger

dimensions. Steel rules are generally only available to
measure dimensions up to 1 meter. Beyond this, steel
tapes (measuring to 30 m)

26

1)Lengthmeasuring
Instruments:
1.1)Rulesandtapes:

(Direct measuring)

Rules and tapes used for

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Measuring lengths.
Measuring the outside diameter of pipe.
Measuring the inside diameter of pipe.
Measuring the circumference of pipe.
Measuring inside dimensions.
Measuring the thickness of stock through a hole.
Measuring outside dimension with a tape

27

1)Lengthmeasuring
Instruments:
Verniercaliper:

(Direct measuring)

The vernier calipers found in the laboratory incorporates a

main scale and a sliding vernier scale which allows readings
to the nearest 0.02 mm

28

Type B Vernier Caliper

Type C Vernier Caliper

1)Lengthmeasuring
Instruments:
1.2)Verniercaliper:

(Direct measuring)

This instrument may be used to measure/

-outer dimensions of objects (using the main jaws).

-inside dimensions (using the smaller jaws at the top).
-depths (using the stem).

31

VERNIER CALIPER
Vernier calipers are available in size of 150 mm,
225 mm, 900 mm and 1200 mm.
The selection of the size depends on the
measurements to be taken.

Vernier calipers are precision instruments, and

extreme care should be taken while handing them.

LeastCountofVernierCalipers
Least Count refers to the smallest distance that can be measured
using an instrument. It indicates the degree of precision of an
instrument. Most of the vernier Calipers have a least count of
0.1mm.

Least count can calculated using the formula.

LeastCount=Lengthof1MSDLengthofIVSD
Where MSD and VSD refer to Main Scale Division and Vernier Scale
Division respectively
Generally N divisions on main scale coincide with N-1 divisions on
vernier scale
1 VSD is equivalent to (N-1)/N main scale divisions
Using the formula for Least Count, we get
LC = 1 MSD 1VSD
= 1 MSD (N-1)/N MSD
= 1/N MSD

DIGITAL CALIPER

ELECTRONIC DIGITAL CALIPER

VERNIER HEIGHTGAUGE

VERNIER DEPTH
GAUGE

1)Lengthmeasuring
Instruments:
1.3)TheMicrometer:

(Direct measuring)

The micrometer screw gauge is used to measure even smaller

dimensions than the vernier calipers.
The micrometer screw gauge also uses an auxiliary scale (measuring
hundredths of a millimeter) which is marked on a rotary thimble

41

MEASUREMENT
OPENING

BARREL
SCALE

55

THIMBLE
SCALE
5
0

10

15

RATCHET

20

25

45

ANVIL

SPINDLE
BARREL

0.01 mm

FRAME

THIMBLE

1. The barrel scale is divided into 25 divisions, each equal to 1 mm.

2. Every 5th division is numbered from 0 to 25, (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and
25).
3. On the lower part of the barrel scale, each mm is divided in half (0.5
mm)
4. The thimble scale has 50 divisions. One revolution of the thimble
moves 0.5 mm on the barrel scale.
5. One division on the thimble equals 1/50 0.5 mm = 0.01 mm

THIMBLE
SCALE

HORIZONTAL
READING
LINE
BARREL
SCALE
0

55

10

0.01 mm
DIVISION

15

0.5 mm DIVISION
(distance moved by
1 revolution of thimble)

20

25

55

10

15

20 30 25
25

Observe the number of 1 mm divisions on the upper barrel scale and

multiply this by 1 mm. (17x1 mm = 17 mm)
On the lower barrel scale, observe the number of lines beyond (greater
than) the upper scale line (0 or 1). Multiply this by 0.5 mm.
(1x0.5 = 0.5 mm)
Add the thimble scale reading (0.01 mm) that lines up with the
horizontal line on the barrel scale. (26 x0.01 = 0.26 mm)
Micrometer reading: 17mm+0.5mm+0.26mm=17.76mm

the depth gauge micrometer is a precision measuring

instrument, used by engineers to measure depths.
Each revolution of the rachet moves the spindle face
0.5mm towards the bottom of the blind hole. The
diagram below shows how the depth gauge is used.
The ratchet is turned clockwise until the spindle face
touches the bottom of the blind hole. The scales are
read in exactly the same way as the scales of a normal
micrometer (see previous information sheets).

Comparators:
are employed to find out, by how much the dimensions of the given
component differ from that of a known datum.

In short, Comparator is a device which

(1) Picks up small variations in dimensions.
(2) Magnifies it.
(3) Displays it by using indicating devices, by which comparison can be made with
some standard value.
Classification:
1. MechanicalComparator:It works on gears pinions, linkages, levers, springs etc.
2. PneumaticComparator: Pneumatic comparator works by using high pressure air,
valves, back pressure etc.
3. OpticalComparator: Optical comparator works by using lens, mirrors, light source
etc.
4.ElectricalComparator: Works by using step up, step down transformers.
5. ElectronicComparator: It works by using amplifier, digital signal etc.
6.CombinedComparator: The combination of any two of the above types can give
the best result.

CharacteristicsofGoodComparators:
1. It should be compact.
2. It should be easy to handle.
3. It should give quick response or quick result.
4. It should be reliable, while in use.
5. There should be no effects of environment on the comparator.
6. Its weight must be less.
7. It should be sensitive as per the requirement.
8. The design should be robust.
9. It should have less maintenance.
10. It should have hard contact point, with long life.
11. It should be free from backlash and wear.

MechanicalComparator:
1.It is self controlled and no power or any other form of energy is required.
2.It employs mechanical means for magnifying the small movement of the measuring
stylus.
3.The movement is due to the difference between the standard and the actual dimension
being checked .
4.The method for magnifying the small stylus movement in all the mechanical
comparators is by means of levers, gear trains or combination of these. They are
available of different make and each has it's own characteristic.
5.The various types of mechanical comparators are dial indicator, rack and pinion,
sigma comparator, Johansson mikrokator.

Dial Indicators :

RequirementsofGoodDialIndicator:
1. It should give trouble free and dependable readings over a long period.
2. The pressure required on measuring head to obtain zero reading must remain
constant
over the whole range.
3. The pointer should indicate the direction of movement of the measuring plunger.
4. The accuracy of the readings should be within close limits of the various sizes and
ranges
5. The movement of the measuring plunger should be in either direction without
affecting the accuracy.
6. The pointer movement should be damped, so that it will not oscillate when the
readings are being taken.

Applications:
1. Comparing two heights or distances between narrow limits.
2. To determine the errors in geometrical form such as ovality, roundness and taper.
3. For taking accurate measurement of deformation such as intension and compression.
4. To determine positional errors of surfaces such as parallelism, squareness and
alignment.
5. To check the alignment of lathe centers by using suitable accurate bar between the
centers.
6. To check trueness of milling machine arbours and to check the parallelism of shaper
arm with table surface or vice.

Optical Comparators
Projects enlarged shadow onto screen where it is compared to
lines or to master form that indicates limits of dimensions or
contour of part being checked
Fast, accurate means of measuring workpiece with master
Suited to checking extremely small or odd-shaped parts
Available in bench and floor models

Principle of the
Optical Comparator

Available in the following

magnifications: 5X, 10X,
31.25X, 50X, 62.5X 90X,
100X and 125X

Advantages:
1. These Comparators are almost weightless and have less number of moving parts, due tothis
there I s less wear and hence lessfriction.70
2. Higher range even at high magnification is possible as the scale moves past the index.
3. The scale can be made to move past a datum line and without having any parallax errors.
4. They are used to magnify parts of very small size and of complex configuration such as
intricate grooves, radii or steps.
Disadvantages:
1. The accuracy of measurement is limited to 0.001 mm
2. They have their own built in illuminating device which tends to heat the instrument.
3. Electrical supply is required.
4. Eyepiece type instrument may cause strain on the operator.
5. Projection type instruments occupy large space and they are expensive.
6. When the scale is projected on a screen, then it is essential to take the instrument to a dark
room in order to take the readings easily.

MECHANICAL
COMPARATORS

JOHANSSON MIKRAKATOR
This comparator was made by C.F.
Johansson
and therefore named so.
It uses the simplest and most
ingenious method for obtaining the
mechanical magnification designed
by H. Abramson which is called
Abramson Movement.
It works on the principle of a button
spinning on a loop of string.

CONSTRUCTION
A twisted thin metal strip carries at the
centre of its length a very light pointer made
of thin glass.
One end of the strip is fixed to the adjustable
cantilever strip and the other end is
anchored to the spring elbow, one arm of
which is carried on the measuring plunger.
The spring elbow acts as a bell crank lever
and causes twisted strip to change its length
thus making it further twist or untwist.
The length of cantilever can be varied to
adjust magnification.

 A slight movement in plunger will make

bell crank lever to rotate.
A spring will return the plunger and
pointer to their original position by
applying back pressure.
Magnification approximately equals to
Rate of change of pointer movement to rate
of change in length of strip.

REED
COMPARATO
R

REED COMPARATOR
The reed mechanism is frictionless device
for magnifying small motions of spindle.
It consists of a fixed block A which is rigidly
fastened to the gauge head case, and
floating
block
B, which carries the gauging spindle and is
connected horizontally to the fixed block by
reeds
C.
A vertical reed is attached to each block
with upper ends joined together. Beyond
this joint extends a pointer or target.

 Comparators using this type of linkage

have sensitivities of the order of 0.25
micron per scale division.
The mechanical amplification is usually
less
than 100, but it is multiplied by the
optical lens system. It is available in
amplifications ranging from x 500 to x
1000.

SIGMA COMPARATOR

 Provides magnification in the range of

300 to 5000.
Can be sensitive up to 0.0001mm
Plunger mounted on two flat steel strings.
Plunger carries a knife edge which bears
upon cross strip hinge.

 Moving block in cross strip carries a light

metal Y forked arms.
A thin phosphor bronze ribbon is fastened
to the ends of forked arms and wrapped
around a small drum, mounted on a
spindle carrying pointer.
Two stage mechanical magnification is
observed.
Ratio of effective length of arm (L) and
distance of knife edge from pivot (a). i.e.,
(L/a)
Ratio of pointer length (l) and radius of
driving drum (r)

Optical
Comparat
or

 In
mechanical
optical
comparators,
magnification is done in two stages.
First by mechanical pivot and then by single
optical system involving projection of an
image.
The light rays from source are condensed by
condensing lens and are converted into
parallel beams by objective lens which fall on
mirror.
The pivot tilts the mirror about its hinge and
mirror reflects light rays on the screen (semi
transparent glass).
The projected image is compared with
magnified master drawing.
(needles, cam
profiles, saw teeth)

ELECTRICAL COMPARATOR
Consists of three major parts
Transducer, Display Device, Amplifier.
An iron armature, provided between two
coils is supported by plunger at one end
and fixed at other end.
The two coils act as two arms of A.C
wheat Stone Bridge circuit.
Amplifier amplifies given input signal and
display device used as meter.

 If armature is in centre, inductance in

both coils will be equal but in opposite
direction, which balances A.C. WS Bridge.
Change in plunger position disturbs
armature, which upsets balance in circuit.
Due to this, change in potential will be
induced correspondingly.
The LC of this comparator will be
0.001mm.

LVDT

ELECTRONIC COMPARATOR.

 In electronic comparator, principle of

application of frequency modulation (or)
Radio oscillation is followed.
Transducer converts plunger movement
into electrical signal.
Oscillator receives signal and raises the
amplitude of frequency wave by adding
carrier frequency called as Modulation.
Demodulator cuts of external carrier
wave frequency and converts original
wave into electrical signal.

VERNIER BEVEL
PROTRACTOR
the simplest angle measuring

It is
instrument.
Consists of main body, base plate stock,
adjustable
blade,
circular
plate
containing vernier scale, acute angle
attachment.
Length of blade can be about 150-300m
long,13mm wide and ends are bevelled
at angles of 45o and 60o.
Generally
tested
for
Flatness,
Squareness, Parallelism, Straightness.....

 The main scale is graduated in degrees

from 0 to 90 in both the directions.
Vernier scale has 12 divisions, each side
of centre zero, which are marked 0 60
minutes of arc.

Least count of VBP is 5minutes of arc.

VERNIER BEVEL PROTRACTOR

SOME
APPLICATIONS

UNIVERSAL BEVEL PROTRACTORS

Precision angles
to within 5'
(0.083)
Consist of base
Vernier scale
Protractor dial
Sliding blade
Dial clamp nut

ACUTE ANGLE

OBTUSE ANGLE

OPTICAL BEVEL
PROTRACTOR

It is a recent development of VBP with a

least count of approximately 2minutes of
an arc.
Readings are taken against a fixed index
line by means of an optical magnifying
system which is integral part of this
instrument.
The scale is graduated as full circle
marked
0-90-0-90.

SINE BAR

A precision instrument used along

with slip gauge for the measurement
of angles effectively.
Generally used to measure angles
very accurately and to locate the
work to a given angle with very close
limits.
Consists of steel bar with two
cylinders of equal diameter fastened
near the ends.

 The axes of these rollers are parallel to

each other and also parallel to surface of
the bar.
Distance between centers is usually 100300mm.
Made of stabilized high Carbon, high
Chromium corrosion resistant hardened
steel.
Used on surface plates by raising one end
of bar with gauge blocks (slip gauge).
All the working surfaces of the bar and
cylindrical surfaces are fined to surface
finish of 0.2m Ra value.

WORKING PRINCIPLE of Sine

Bar
Works on TRIGONOMETRY Principle.

To measure the angle, one roller is

placed on Surface plate and other is
placed on Slip Gauges.
h height of Slip Gauges, L distance
between rollers.
Hypotenuse of a right-angle triangle
Gage block buildup forms side
opposite
Face of surface plate forms side
adjacent

ACCURACY REQUIREMENTS OF
A SINE BAR
The rollers must have equal diameter
and length, should be parallel to each
other and also parallel to upper surface.
The accurate centre of rollers must be
known.
The top surface of bar must have high
degree of flatness and should be
parallel to a plane connecting axes of
rollers.

CLASSIFICATION

Generally Classified into two categories.

According to accuracy of centre distance
Grade A and Grade B
According to availability of designs
Type 1 Outside surface of rollers is level with
Plane top surface
Type 2 Outside dia of rollers equal to width of
Sine Bar
Type 3 Pins on both sides
Type 4 Dist b/n rollers can be adjusted.

Grade A accurate up to 0.01mm/m length and

Grade B accurate up to 0.02mm/m Length.

Width of the sine bar = outside dia. Of

the hollow roller

Top surface interruption

Measuring known angles or

locating any work to given angle

Checking for unknown angles

Checking for unknown angles

of heavy components

LIMITATIONS OF SINE BAR

Sine bars are reliable for angles
less than 15o and will be
impractical to use above 45o.
It is physically difficult to hold in
position.
Slight errors in sine bar cause
larger angular errors.
The size of components to be
inspected is limited.

SOURCES OF ERRORS IN
SINE BAR

Error in distance between roller

centres.
Error in slip gauge combination.
Error in size of rollers and
cylindricity.
Error in parallelism of roller axes.
Error in flatness of upper surface
of sine bar.

Rigidly clamped at any position

Inspection of conical objects
Raised up to an inclination of 60 deg.
Rollers are clamped firmly

ANGLE GAUGE
Developed by Dr.Tomlinson in 1941 to measure
angles with accuracy to 3.
Made up of hardened and stabilized steel.
Measuring surfaces are lapped and polished to
a high degree of accuracy and flatness.
Approximately 75mm long and 16mm wide and
available in set of 13 to 16 pieces along with
square block.

AUTO COLLIMATOR
It is an optical instrument used for
measurement
of
small
angular
differences, changes or deflection,
plane surface inspection etc.
It is a combination of a collimator and
a telescope.
- collimator: takes diverging light and
focuses it into a non-diverging column.
- telescope: takes light from a source
at infinity and focuses it onto a point.

PRINCIPLE OF AUTOCOLLIMATOR:
The autocollimator projects a beam
of collimated light.
An external reflector (object)
reflects the beam which is focussed
and detected by a photo-detector.
The autocollimator measures the
deviation between the emitted
beam and the reflected beam.
Since the autocollimator uses light
to measure angles, it never comes
into contact with the test surface.

 If the reflector is tilted by an angle ,

the parallel beam is deflected twice
the angle.
The distance of focus from object is
given by X= 2f

CONSTRUCTION
It consists of three parts: micrometer
microscope,
lighting
unit
and
collimating lens.
A 45o
transparent beam splitter
reflects the light from graticule
towards the collimating lens.
The angular variations of the
reflected image are picked up and
measured by microscope.

APPLICATIONS
Measurement of Straightness and
Flatness of surfaces.
Assessment of Squareness and
Parallelism of components.
Comparative angle measurement
using master angles.
Measurement
of
small
linear
dimensions, machine too adjustment
setting etc

Projector

Shadow projection light

source system
Reflection projection light
source system

Toolmakers Microscope
A toolmakers microscope is a
measuring device that can be
used to measure up to 1/100th
of an mm.
It works on the principle of a
screw gauge, but a few changes
were added to it to make its
operation more easier.

 It needs application of optics too.

A light focuses on the object and
through lens we can see the
shadow

of

the

object,

which

resembles the object.

More clear shadow would be
enhance

the

measurement

accuracy

of

The main use of a tool maker

microscope is to measure the shape,
size, angle, and the position of the
small components that falls under the
microscopes measuring range.
More often than not, a tool maker
microscope is outfitted with a CCD
camera that has the ability to
capture, collect, and store images into
specialized computer software.

123

A tool maker microscope is primarily

used for measuring the shape of
different components like the
template, formed cutter, milling
cutter, punching die, and cam.
The pitch, external, and internal
diameters are specifically measured
as well. The thread gauge, guide
worm, and guide screw are
conveniently handled as well. As far
angles are concerned, the thread and
pitch angle are of chief concern.
124

Construction

Construction

TMM (toolmakers microscope) has got a robust and strong base

such that it can bear and withstand sudden loads.
A column with a track is present to carry lens, along with
illuminating source in certain TMMs.
Lens has two perpendicular straight lines marked that act as
reference lines.
Object to be measured is placed on glass table.
Glass table is provided with 3 scales on it

construction
Two scales are meant for measuring in X and Y
directions and the movement of table the respective
direction.
The other scale is meant for measuring rotation as well
as rotation of table.

Working
Object to be measured is
placed on glass table,
illuminator is turned on.
Let the object be a
rectangle.
It may look as shown if
seen through lens

Using the micrometer heads get it to a definable point as shown

Note down both micrometer

readings

Now turning micrometer heads we can get positions as shown above.

After setting 2nd position note down micrometer reading meant for X
movement
After setting 3rd position note down micrometer reading meant for Y
movement

Result
Difference in micrometer reading of X
movement gives us the length of the rectangle
Similarly, the difference in micrometer reading
of Y movement gives us the breadth of the
rectangle

Applications
The large tool makers microscope is suitable for the following
fields of applications;
Length measurement in Cartesian and polar co-ordinates.
Angle measurements of tools; threading tools punches and
gauges, templates etc.
Thread measurements i.e., profile major and minor diameters,
height of lead, thread angle, profile position with respect to the
thread axis and the shape of thread. (rounding, flattering,
straightness of flanks)
Comparison between centers and drawn patterns and drawing
of projected profiles.

STYLUS PROBE
INSTRUMENT

TOMLINSON SURFACE METER

TAYLOR-HOBSON TALYSURF