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    Baceria

    Uploaded by

    Prince Charles
    This document discusses the structure and function of bacterial cells. It notes that bacterial cells range in size from 0.2 to 1 μm and have various shapes including cocci, bacilli, and spirals. The cell is surrounded by a cell membrane and many bacteria also have a cell wall located outside the membrane composed of peptidoglycan. The cell wall provides structure and protects against changes in osmotic pressure. Gram staining distinguishes between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria based on cell wall thickness and composition.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Baceria

    Uploaded by

    Prince Charles
    30 views23 pages
    This document discusses the structure and function of bacterial cells. It notes that bacterial cells range in size from 0.2 to 1 μm and have various shapes including cocci, bacilli, and spirals. The cell is surrounded by a cell membrane and many bacteria also have a cell wall located outside the membrane composed of peptidoglycan. The cell wall provides structure and protects against changes in osmotic pressure. Gram staining distinguishes between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria based on cell wall thickness and composition.

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    baceria

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    This document discusses the structure and function of bacterial cells. It notes that bacterial cells range in size from 0.2 to 1 μm and have various shapes including cocci, bacilli, and spirals. The cell is surrounded by a cell membrane and many bacteria also have a cell wall located outside the membrane composed of peptidoglycan. The cell wall provides structure and protects against changes in osmotic pressure. Gram staining distinguishes between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria based on cell wall thickness and composition.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    30 views23 pages

    Baceria

    Uploaded by

    Prince Charles
    This document discusses the structure and function of bacterial cells. It notes that bacterial cells range in size from 0.2 to 1 μm and have various shapes including cocci, bacilli, and spirals. The cell is surrounded by a cell membrane and many bacteria also have a cell wall located outside the membrane composed of peptidoglycan. The cell wall provides structure and protects against changes in osmotic pressure. Gram staining distinguishes between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria based on cell wall thickness and composition.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 23

    1

    Life and Cells


    • What is Life?
    – Can grow, i.e. increase in size.
    – Can reproduce.
    – Responsive to environment.
    – Metabolism: can acquire and utilize energy.
    • Schwann and Schleiden: cells basic unit of life
    – Prokaryotes and eukaryotes from microscopy.
    – Our focus: prokaryotic cells.
    • Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
    2
    The Essential Cell
    Separates inside from environ.

    Genetic
    blueprint

    Needed for
    protein synthesis
    http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif
    3
    Bacterial Appearance
    • Size
    – 0.2 µm – 0.1 mm
    – Most 0.5 – 5.0 µm

    •Shape
    Coccus (cocci); rod (bacillus, bacilli); spiral shapes
    (spirochetes; spirillum, spirilla); filamentous; various odd
    shapes.
    •Arrangement http://www.cellsalive.co
    m/howbig.htm
    Clusters, tetrads, sarcina, pairs, chains http://www.ionizers.org/
    Sizes-of-Bacteria.html

    http://smccd.net/accounts/case/biol230/ex3/bact.jpeg
    4

    Rods (bacilli) cocci spirochetes


    http://www.scientificpsychic.com/health/hygiene.html

    Spirillum Filamentous
    http://www.daviddarling.info Square
    /images/spirillum.jpg www.theguardians.com/Mic www.boingboing.net/bacteria.jpg
    robiology/begg1_bg.jpg
    5
    Overview of
    prokaryotic cell.
    6
    From Membrane Out:
    lecture order
    • Examination of layers of bacterial cell
    – Starting at cell membrane, working to outside
    • A look at how cells move
    • Examination of inside of bacterial cell
    • A look at how things get into cells
    • Brief review of eukaryotic cell structure.
    7
    Structure of phospholipids

    http://biyoloji_genetik.sitemynet.com/genel_biyoloji/genel_biyoloji_logos/phospholipids.gif
    8
    How phospholipids work
    Polar head groups associate with water
    but hydrophobic tails associate with
    each other to avoid water.

    When placed in water, phospholipids


    associate spontaneously side by side
    and tail to tail to form membranes.

    http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultran
    et/BiologyPages/L/LipidBilayer.gif
    9
    Cell Membranes
    • 50/50 lipids and proteins
    • Fluid mosaic model
    • Effective barrier to large and hydrophilic molecules
    – O2, CO2, H2O, lipid substances can pass through
    – Salts, sugars, amino acids, polymers, cannot.
    • Proteins can be on inner, outer surfaces (peripheral)
    or transmembrane (integral)
    – Involved primarily with transport
    – Degradation and biosynthesis
    – Site of ATP synthesis
    10
    Membrane structure

    http://www.slic2.wsu.edu:82/hurlbert/micro101/images/cytomemb.gif
    Outside the cell membrane: 11

    the Cell Wall

    Animal cells do not have a cell wall


    outside the cell membrane.
    Plant cells and fungal cells do.
    So do most prokaryotic cells, providing
    structural support and influencing the
    shape of the cell.
    12
    Gram stain
    Gram stain
    invented by Hans
    Christian Gram
    Divides Eubacteria
    into two main
    groups based on
    stain.

    Correlates with
    two types of cell
    wall architecture.
    Division of the Eubacteria: 13

    Gram Negative and Gram Positive


    • Stain is valuable in identification.
    – Gram positives stain purple; Gram negatives stain pink.
    • Architecture:
    – Gram positives have a thick peptidoglycan layer in the
    cell wall;
    – Gram negatives have a thin peptidoglycan layer and an
    outer membrane.
    • BUT When we say Gram positive…
    – Cells stain purple? Or have a particular structure?
    14

    Gram Negative

    Gram Positive

    http://www.conceptdraw.com/
    sampletour/medical/GramNeg
    ativeEnvelope.gif
    http://www.conceptdraw.com/
    sampletour/medical/GramPosit
    iveEnvelope.gif
    15
    Function and Structure of peptidoglycan
    • Provides shape and structural support to cell
    • Resists damage due to osmotic pressure
    • Provides some degree of resistance to diffusion of
    molecules
    • Single bag-like, seamless molecule
    • Composed of polysaccharide chains cross linked
    with short chains of amino acids: “peptido” and
    “glycan”.
    16
    Monomers of peptidoglycan

    Units added to
    PG as a pair.

    NAG: NAM: N-acetyl muramic acid


    N-acetyl glucosamine
    (NAG + lactic acid)
    17
    Glycan chains cross-linked with amino acids

    •G- and G+ vary w/


    DAP vs. lysine and
    at the interbridge.
    •Note the presence
    of unusual “D”
    amino acids.
    •Peptides attached
    to NAM.
    18
    Peptidoglycan is a 3D molecule

    Cross links are both horizontal and vertical between


    glycan chains stacked atop one another.

    http://www.sp.uconn.edu/~terry/images/other/peptidoglycan.gif;
    http://www.alps.com.tw/cht/img/anti-allergy_002.jpg
    19
    Teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid
    Found in G+ cell wall
    20
    Teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid
    Structure and Function

    •Polymer of phosphate and ribitol or glycerol


    R: sugar or amino acid
    •Lipoteichoic acid covalently attached to
    membrane lipids.
    •Major contributor to negative charge of cell
    exterior.
    •Appears to function in Ca++ binding

    http://www.bact.wisc.edu/Microtextbook/images/textbook/structure/TAcid.gif;http://www.p
    alaeos.com/Kingdoms/Prokaryotes/Images/GramPosCellEnvelope.gif
    21
    Effect of osmotic pressure on cells
    • Hypotonic:
    water rushes in;
    PG prevents cell
    rupture.
    • Hypertonic:
    water leaves
    cell, membrane plasmolysis
    pulls away from
    cell wall.
    22
    Bacteria and Osmotic pressure
    • Bacteria typically face hypotonic environments
    – Insides of bacteria filled with proteins, salts, etc.
    – Water wants to rush in, explode cell.
    – Protection from hypertonic environments is different,
    discussed later.
    • Peptidoglycan provides support
    – Limits expansion of cell membrane
    – Lysozyme found in secretions cuts peptidoglycan
    – Antibiotic penicillin prevents cross linking
    – Cells in isotonic medium are not harmed
    23
    Cell Wall Exceptions
    • Mycobacterium and relatives
    – Wall contains lots of waxy mycolic acids
    – Attached covalently to PG
    • Mycoplasma: no cell wall
    – Parasites of animals, little osmotic stress
    • Archaea, the 3rd domain
    – Pseudomurein and other chemically different wall
    materials (murein another name for PG)

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