FORM 2

Science

Chapter 5
Water and solution

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 Learning area
5.1 Physical characteristics of water
5.2 Solution and rate of solubility
5.3 Water purification and water supply

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5.1
Physical
Characteristics of
Water 3
 The Physical Properties of Water
□ Water is colourless, tasteless and odorless liquid.
□ Water exists in three states, which are solid,
liquid and gas.
□ Boiling point = 100 ˚C freezing point = 0 ˚C
□ The density of water is 1 g/cm3.

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Change of state of water

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1. Water has a high surface tension.
2. The cohesive force  is defined as the force of attraction
between molecules of the same substance.
3. The adhesive force is defined as the force of attraction
between different substances, such as glass and water
 Composition of Water
Water is a chemical compound that made up of two
atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. (The ratio of
hydrogen to oxygen is 2:1)

Water can be break up into hydrogen and oxygen

through the process of electrolysis.

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 Electrolysis
In the process of electrolysis, oxygen is discharged at
the anode (positive electrode) and hydrogen is
discharged at the cathode (negative electrode)

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Confirmation test of water composition
✓ Oxygen is tested with a glowing wooden splint. The
wooden splint lights up when oxygen is present.

✓ Hydrogen is tested with a lighted wooden splint. ‘Pop’

sound is produced when hydrogen is present

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Effect of impurities on the melting and boiling
point of water.
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Kinetic theory of freezing point of water

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The temperature of steam is taken as the boiling point of water.
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Kinetic theory of boiling point of water

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 Evaporation of water
• Water evaporation is a process where
water molecules are released as vapour
into the air below boiling point of water.

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Application of evaporation of water in daily life

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 Factors that influence the rate of water evaporation
Factors Description
Surrounding The higher the temperature, the faster the rate of the
water evaporation.
temperature

Air movement Moving air (wind) quicken the evaporation process

(wind) by blow away the water particles from the water surface
into the atmosphere.

Air humidity Water particles can escape easily when the

atmosphere is dry. Therefore, evaporation process
occurs faster

Surface area The wider the surface area, the faster the rate of the
water evaporation. 19
How to increase evaporation rate in daily life

• Drying hair using hair- • Spread out the

dryer ( the blower clothes to increase
increase air surface area.
movement ) • Wet clothes dry under
hot sun.
Differences between evaporation and boiling
Evaporation Boiling
Takes place at any Takes place at boiling point
temperature below only, that is 100 oC
boiling point

Slower process Vigorous process

Occurs only at water surface Occurs throughout the water

Influenced by the temperature Does not influenced by the

surrounding, air movement, air temperature surrounding, air
humidity and surface area movement, air humidity and
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5.2
Solution and Rate of
solubility
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 5.2 Solution and Rate of
solubility
Solute: Solvent:
Dissolves in
A substance that soluble or A liquid that dissolve a
dissolve in a solvent substance (solute)

to form

Solution:
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A mixture of one or more solutes tlhat dt.issolved in solvent
 5.4 Solution and Solubility

1. What is a solution?
A solution is produced when a substance
dissolved in another substance.

• A solute is the
substance that dissolves.
• A solvent is the
substance that the solute
dissolves in.
Dilute solution, concentrated solution and saturated solution

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 5.4 Solution and Solubility

2. Depending on the amount of solutes in

solutions, there are three types of solutions.

Solution

Dilute solution Concentrated solution Saturated solution

Contains a little Contains the maximum
Contains a lot of
dissolved solute amount of dissolved
dissolved solute
solute

Can dissolve a lot Can dissolve a little bit Cannot dissolve any more
more solute more solute solute

All these solutions have a clear appearance

 The solubility of solutes

➢ The solubility is the maximum amount of the

solute that can dissolve in 100 ml of
solvent at a specific temperature.

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Experiment 5.2: To study the factors
affecting the rate of solubility.
How to prepare a Milo drink at
home?
 5.4 Solution and Solubility

i. Temperature
The higher the temperature of the solvent, the higher the
rate of dissolving.

Example:
We use hot water to make
tea. One reason for this is
that hot water increases
the rate of dissolving of
certain substances in the
tea leaves.
 5.4 Solution and Solubility

ii. Rate of stirring

The higher the rate of stirring, the higher the rate of
dissolving.

Example:
The faster you stir the
soup, the faster the salt
dissolves in it.
 5.4 Solution and Solubility

iii. Size of solute particles

The smaller the size of the solute particles, the higher the
rate of dissolving.

Example:
Smaller pieces of palm
sugar can dissolve in water
faster than a big piece of
it.
 The factors that influence the solubility rate
of substances

Factor Description
Temperature The higher the temperature, the faster
of solvent the solute can dissolve in the solvent

Size of the The smaller the size of the solute, the

solutes faster it can dissolve in the solvent

Rate of Stirring Solutes dissolve more easily if stirred

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 Conclusion:
If we want to increase the rate of solubility,
we must????

a)Increase the temperature of the solvent

b)Increase the size of the solvent
c)Stir it fast

d)Your answer?
 5.4 Solution and Solubility

SUSPENSION

1. What is a suspension?
A suspension is a mixture containing insoluble
substances.
2. A suspension can be separated by filtration.

Examples : Muddy water, fruit juices, chocolate drink,

blood
Filtration
 5.4 Solution and Solubility

1. Colloid
A colloid is a mixture of two or more solutes
dispersed evenly in a solvent.

2. Examples:

Emulsion milk, yogurt an mayonnaise

5.4 Solution and Solubility
 5.4 Solution and Solubility

E. WATER AS A SOLVENT

Water is known as universal solvent due to its ability to

dissolve almost all substances.

Water acts as a medium in many chemical reactions in

our body.

Water dissolves and transports many substances in our

body such as digested food and waste products.

Water dissolves cleaning agents such as soap powder,

dishwasher liquid and toilet cleaner.
 Organic solvent
• There are also substances that do not
dissolves in water but dissolve in organic
solvent such as ether, benzene and
alcohol

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 Organic solvent
Organic Substances that
can be Uses
solvent dissolves

Ether Oils, fats, grease to make cosmetics such as

lipstick and nail polish

Turpentine Grease, paint, tar to dilute paint to make it

easier to use

Chloroform Plastic to stick plastic

substances

Benzene Rubber, grease to stick rubber sheets

 5.3
WATER PURIFICATION AND WATER SUPPLY

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• Water cover 75 % of the Earth’s
surface.
• Natural water contains impurities and
microorganisms that needs to be
treated before it is safe for drinking.

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 Why water needs to be treated before
it is used

Removes
Removes
Avoid disease impurities, odour,
microorganisms
and colour
 Methods of water purification
1. Boiling

2. Chlorination

3. Filtration

4. Distillation
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 Boiling
• Use heat to kills the
microorganisms in the
water.

• Advantages
Water is free from
dangerous
microorganisms

• Disadvantages
Dissolved impurities and
suspended impurities still
exists in water

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 Chlorination
• Chlorine is added to
water to kill
microorganisms

• Advantages
Water is free from
dangerous
microorganism

• Disadvantages
Dissolved impurities and
suspended impurities still
exists in water

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 Filtration
• To remove suspended
impurities from the water

• Advantages
Water is clear and free
from suspended particles

• Disadvantages
Dissolved impurities and
microorganisms still
exists in water

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 Distillation

• To remove suspended impurities and dissolved

impurities from the water

• Advantages
Water is free from all microorganisms, suspended and
dissolved impurities
• Disadvantages
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does not contain any mineral salts needed by the body
 The application of water purification
methods in our daily life

(a) Boiling
– Piped water is boiled before drinking

(b) Filtration
– River water is filtered before being supplied to consumers house

(c) Distillation
– Clinics and hospitals use distilled water to prepared medicines

(d) Chlorination
– Chlorine is added to the water in the swimming pool to kill
microorganisms

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Water Supply
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 Water used
• River water and rain water is our main source of water

• The water will then be pump to water purification plants

to be purified before it is supplied to consumers home.

• There are several ways to save water

(a) Make use of recycled water
(b) Beware of pipe leakage
(c) Turn off the tap immediately when not in use
(d) Do not turn on the tap full
(e) Wash cloths in big quantities
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 Water pollution
• Water pollution occurs when water is
contaminate with waste product.
• Polluted water is not suitable for living
organisms.

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 Domestic waste

• Effect of water pollutants

Contains dangerous microorganisms that causes diseases such as
cholera.

• Ways to control water pollution

i. Dispose the rubbish in a proper way
ii . Make use of recycle materials instead of using plastic
materials
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 Agricultural waste

• Effect of water pollutants

Poison the aquatic organisms and affect human’s health
when eaten.

• Ways to control water pollution

Reduce the used of fertilisers and pesticides
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 Industrial waste

• Effect of water pollutants

Radioactive wastes and chemical residues will destroy
body cells and causes skin cancer

• Ways to control water pollution

Enforce the law strictly to prevent the factories from
letting harmful chemical residues into the open drain
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 Oil spills

• Effect of water pollutants

Kills marine life thus affecting the income of fisherman .

• Ways to control water pollution

Impose heavy penalties and fines to the ships which
found to pollute the sea
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 Waste water today
- Live in a desert tomorrow.

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