Bio Begavioral Interventions and Holistic Care For Individuals and Family With Specific Problems in Oxygenation, Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Metabolic and Endocrine Funtion

BIO BEGAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS AND
HOLISTIC CARE FOR INDIVIDUALS AND

FAMILY WITH SPECIFIC PROBLEMS IN
OXYGENATION, FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE
BALANCE, METABOLIC AND ENDOCRINE
FUNTION
Santos, Anne Nicole Y.

2-B
BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTION – are the mainstay of bio
behavioral arsenal used to prevent the development of disease,
and to foster adaptation to the stress of diagnosis and treatment
for major conditions including cancers, cardiovascular disease
and etc.
Holistic care - treats the whole person: mind, body, and spirit.
That typically means a combination of traditional and what your
doctor might call complementary medicine.
BIO BEGAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS AND HOLISTIC
CARE FOR INDIVIDUALS AND FAMILY WITH
PROBLEMS IN OXYGENATION
Our bodies are fueled in part by the oxygen in the air we breathe.
When we breathe it into our lungs the oxygen crosses from the
lungs into the blood stream. The blood then takes it to all parts of
the body. Our body cells “eat” oxygen and “spit out” carbon
dioxide.
Some children have to work harder to breathe. Things like eating,

crying and playing can be extra tiring. When children do not have
enough oxygen for a short time, it may not harm them. They may
have no affects you can see and they may not look different.
Sustained low blood oxygen levels, like below 88 percent, can
hurt the body. The heart gets larger than normal because it has to
work harder to keep oxygen in the body. Some children need
extra oxygen to help them breathe better, grow, and prevent heart
strain.
Oxygen is a medicine. If your child needs extra oxygen, the

doctor will prescribe the lowest amount that can be used safely.
Keeping blood oxygen saturation levels (“sats”) above 92 percent
helps ensure that the body has the oxygen it needs.
Children with pulmonary hypertension need their blood oxygen

levels kept at 95 percent or higher. Some children only use
oxygen when they sleep or exert themselves. Others use it all the
time. Sometimes the amount of oxygen needed changes as the
lungs change.
Fluid and Electrolyte Balances
- Identify signs and symptoms of client fluid and/or electrolyte

imbalance
- Apply knowledge of pathophysiology when caring for the client
with fluid and electrolyte imbalances
- Manage the care of the client with a fluid and electrolyte
imbalance
- Evaluate the client's response to interventions to correct fluid or
electrolyte imbalance
- Electrolytes are ions that can have either a negative or positive
charge.
- Electrolytes and the levels of electrolytes play roles that are

essential to life. For example, these electrically charged ions
contract muscles, move fluids about within the body, they
produce energy and they perform many other roles in the body
and its physiology.
Electrolytes, similar to endocrine hormones, are produced and
controlled with feedback mechanisms when the kidneys or
adrenal gland sense a deficit of the particular electrolyte and an
imbalance in terms of the client's electrolyte balance.
The body's electrolytes are positively or negatively charged as
shown below:
Sodium which is abbreviated as Na+

Potassium which is abbreviated as K+
Calcium which is abbreviated as Ca+
Magnesium which is abbreviated as Mg+
Chloride which is abbreviated as Cl -
Hydrogen phosphate which is abbreviated as HPO4-
Bicarbonate which is abbreviated as HCO3-
Sulfate which is abbreviated as SO4-
Sodium
The normal range for sodium is 135 to 145 milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L).
Sodium plays a primary role in terms of the body's fluid balance and it also
impacts on the functioning of the bodily muscles and the central nervous
system. This electrolyte is most abundant in the blood plasma; and bodily
water goes where sodium is
Potassium
The normal potassium level is 3.7 to 5.2 mEq/L.
Unlike sodium that is an extracellular electrolyte that is found in the blood

plasma, potassium is most abundant in the cells of the body; it is primarily an
intracellular electrolyte. This electrolyte promotes and facilitates electrical
impulses that are necessary for muscular contractions and also for the normal
functioning of the brain.
Calcium
The normal level of calcium is between 8.5 - 10.6 mg/dL.
The levels of calcium in the body are managed by calcitonin

which decreases calcium levels and parathyroid hormone which
increases the calcium levels. Calcium is essential for bone health
and other functions.
Magnesium also participates in potassium and calcium channel

activity. Magnesium blocks the outward movement of potassium
in cardiac cells, preventing the development of cardiac
dysrhythmias. It also acts as a smooth muscle relaxant by altering
calcium levels that are responsible for muscle contraction
Chloride Imbalances
Low dietary intake of chloride and more often diarrhea can cause low blood
levels of chloride. Symptoms typically are similar to those of hyponatremia
and include weakness, nausea, and headache. Excess chloride in the blood is
rare with no characteristic signs or symptoms.
Phosphate - is one of the body's electrolytes, which are minerals that carry an
electric charge when dissolved in body fluids such as blood, but the majority
of phosphate in the body is uncharged.
The bicarbonate ion - acts as a buffer to maintain the normal levels of acidity
(pH) in blood and other fluids in the body.
Sodium chloride is found mostly in extracellular fluid, while potassium and

phosphate are the main ions in the intracellular fluid.
Disorders of Water Balance
Dehydration:
Water loss exceeds water intake and the body is in negative fluid
balance
Causes include: hemorrhage, severe burns, prolonged vomiting
or diarrhea, profuse sweating, water deprivation, and diuretic
abuse
Signs and symptoms: cottonmouth, thirst, dry flushed skin, and
oliguria (decreased production of urine)
Hypotonic Hydration:
Renal insufficiency or an extraordinary amount of water ingested

quickly can lead to cellular over hydration, or water intoxication
ECF is diluted – sodium content is normal but excess water is
present resulting hyponatremia promotes net osmosis into tissue
cells
These events must be quickly reversed to prevent severe
metabolic disturbances, particularly in neurons
METABOLIC AND ENDOCRINE FUNTION
Endocrine disease that results when a gland produces too much

or too little of an endocrine hormone, called a hormone
imbalance. The endocrine's feedback system helps control the
balance of hormones in the bloodstream. If your body has too
much or too little of a certain hormone, the feedback system
signals the proper gland or glands to correct the problem.
Treatment for endocrine disorders generally fall into two
categories:
Medication – If there is too much or too little of a certain

hormone in the body, synthetic hormones may be administered to
correct the imbalance and reduce symptoms. Chemotherapy may
also be used to treat patients with cancer of an endocrine gland.
Surgery – In some cases, such as with cancerous and non-

cancerous tumors on an endocrine gland, surgery and/or radiation
therapy may be necessary. After the underlying problem has been
resolved, hormone production should return to normal.

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BIO BEGAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS AND

HOLISTIC CARE FOR INDIVIDUALS AND

Santos, Anne Nicole Y.

Some children have to work harder to breathe. Things like eating,

Oxygen is a medicine. If your child needs extra oxygen, the

Children with pulmonary hypertension need their blood oxygen

- Identify signs and symptoms of client fluid and/or electrolyte

- Electrolytes and the levels of electrolytes play roles that are

Sodium which is abbreviated as Na+

Unlike sodium that is an extracellular electrolyte that is found in the blood

The levels of calcium in the body are managed by calcitonin

Magnesium also participates in potassium and calcium channel

Sodium chloride is found mostly in extracellular fluid, while potassium and

Renal insufficiency or an extraordinary amount of water ingested

Endocrine disease that results when a gland produces too much

Medication – If there is too much or too little of a certain

Surgery – In some cases, such as with cancerous and non-

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