Adaptive Cruise Control System

ADAPTIVE
CRUISE CONTROL
SYSTEM
CONTENTS:-
 INTRODUCTION
 PRINCIPLE OF ACC
 PHYSICAL OVERVIEW
 DEFINITIONS/TERMINOLOGIES
 COMPONENTS OF ACC SYSTEM
 CONTROL SYSTEM INTERFACE
 PHYSICAL LAYOUT OF AN ACC
SYSTEM
 ADVANTAGES
 DISADVANTAGES
 APPLICATIONS
 CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION:-
What is Adaptive Cruise Control?

Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) is an automotive
feature that allows a vehicle's cruise control system to
adapt the vehicle's speed to the traffic environment. A
radar system attached to the front of the vehicle is used to
detect whether slower moving vehicles are in the ACC
vehicle's path.
Introduced in 1970’s in USA. This system is now

available in luxury cars like Mercedes S-class, Jaguar XJ,
Volvo trucks etc…
PRINCIPLE:-
How does it work?

If a slower moving vehicle is detected, the ACC system
will slow the vehicle down and control the clearance, or
time gap, between the ACC vehicle and the forward
vehicle. If the system detects that the forward vehicle is
no longer in the ACC vehicle's path, the ACC system will
accelerate the vehicle back to its set cruise control speed.
This operation allows the ACC vehicle to autonomously
slow down and speed up with traffic without intervention
from the driver. The method by which the ACC vehicle's
speed is controlled is via engine throttle control and
limited brake operation.
PHYSICAL OVERVIEW:-
DEFINITIONS:-
 Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) – An enhancement to
a conventional cruise control system which allows the
ACC vehicle to follow a forward vehicle at an
appropriate distance.
 ACC vehicle – the subject vehicle equipped with the

ACC system.
 Active brake control – a function which causes

application of the brakes without driver application of
the brake pedal.
 Clearance – distance from the forward vehicle's trailing

surface to the ACC vehicle's leading surface.
 Forward vehicle – any one of the vehicles in front of
and moving in the same direction and traveling on the
same roadway as the ACC vehicle.
 Set speed – the desired cruise control travel speed set by

the driver and is the maximum desired speed of the
vehicle while under ACC control.
 Target vehicle – one of the forward vehicles in the path

of the ACC vehicle that is closest to the ACC vehicle.
 Time gap – the time interval between the ACC vehicle

and the target vehicle. The 'time gap' is related to the
'clearance' and vehicle speed by:
time gap = clearance / ACC vehicle speed
Different STATES (MODES) in ACC System-
 ACC off mode

 ACC standby mode
 ACC active mode. This consists of the following 2 modes-
 ACC speed control mode
 ACC time gap control mode
COMPONENTS OF AN ACC SYSTEM:-
1) ACC Module – The primary function of the ACC module is to process the
radar information and determine if a forward vehicle is present.
2) Engine Control Module – The primary function of the Engine Control

Module is to receive information from the ACC module and Instrument Cluster
and control the vehicle's speed based on this information.
3) Brake Control Module – The primary function of the Brake Control

Module is to determine vehicle speed via each wheel and to decelerate the
vehicle by applying the brakes when requested by the ACC Module.
4) Instrument Cluster – The primary function of the Instrument Cluster is to

process the Cruise Switches and send their information to the ACC and
Engine Control Modules.
5) CAN – The Controller Area Network (CAN) is an automotive standard

network that utilizes a 2 wire bus to transmit and receive data. Each node on the
network has the capability to transmit 0 to 8 bytes of data in a message frame .
6) Cruise Switches – The Cruise Switches are mounted on the steering wheel and
have several buttons which allow the driver to command operation of the ACC
system. The switches include:
On : place system in the 'ACC standby' state
Off : cancel ACC operation and place system in the 'ACC off' state
Set + : activate ACC and establish set speed or accelerate
Set - : decelerate
Res : resume to set speed
Coast: To decelerate or cancel the ACC system
Mounted on steering wheel
Cruise control switch

7) Brake Switches (BS) – There are two brake switches, Brake Switch 1 (BS1) and
Brake Switch 2 (BS2). When either brake switch is activated, Cruise Control
operation is deactivated and the system enters 'ACC standby' state.
8) Brake Lights – When the Brake Control Module applies the brakes in response
to an ACC request, it will illuminate the brake lights to warn vehicles behind the
ACC vehicle that it is decelerating.
9) Sensors/Radars – Currently 4 types of radars are available. They are-

 LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging)
 RADAR ( Radio Detection and Ranging)
 VISION SENSORS
 ULTRASONIC SENSOR
LIDAR- The first ACC system introduced by Toyota used this
method. By measuring the beat frequency difference between a
Frequency Modulated Continuous light Wave (FMCW) and its
reflection.
JEEP GRAND CHEROKEE

ADAPTIVE CRUISE CONTROL
SENSOR PLACED BELOW THE
GRILL
RADAR- RADAR is an electromagnetic system for the detection and location
of reflecting objects like air crafts, ships, space crafts or vehicles. It is operated
by radiating energy into space and detecting the echo signal reflected from an
object (target). Most of the current ACC systems are based on 77GHz RADAR
sensors. The RADAR systems have the great advantage that the relative velocity
can be measured directly, and the performance is not affected by heavy rain and
fog.
FUSION SENSOR- The new sensor system introduced by Fujitsu Ten Ltd. and Honda
through their PATH program includes millimeter wave radar linked to a 640x480 pixel
stereo camera with a 40 degree viewing angle. These two parts work together to track the
car from the non-moving objects. While RADAR target is the car’s rear bumper, the stereo
camera is constantly captures all objects in its field of view.
CONTROL SYSTEM INTERFACES:-
PHYSICAL
LAYOUT OF
ACC
SYSTEM:-
ADVANTAGES:-
1. The driver is relieved from the task of careful

acceleration, deceleration and braking in congested
traffics.
2. A highly responsive traffic system that adjusts itself to

avoid accidents can be developed.
3. Since the braking and acceleration are done in a

systematic way, the fuel efficiency of the vehicle is
increased.
DISADVANTAGES:-
1. A cheap version is not yet realized.
2. A high market penetration is required if a society

of intelligent vehicles is to be formed.
3. Encourages the driver to become careless. It can

lead to severe accidents if the system is
malfunctioning.
4. The ACC systems yet evolved enable vehicles to

co-operate with each other vehicles and hence do
not respond directly to traffic signals.
APPLICATIONS:-
 Mitsubishi was the first automaker to offer a laser-based ACC system in
1995 on the Japanese Mitsubishi Daimante.
 In August 1997, Toyota began to offer a "radar cruise control" system on

the Celsior.
 Mercedes Benz introduced “DISTRONIC” in late 1998 on the S-Class.

For 2006, they refined the system to completely halt the car if necessary .
No called “DISTRONIC PLUS” available in E-class and S-class luxury
sedans.
 Jaguar began offering this system in 1999.
 BMW’s Active Cruise Control system launched in 2000 in 7-series.
 Volkswagen and Audi introduced their own systems in 2002.

CONCLUSION:-
The accidents caused by automobiles are injuring lakhs of people every
year. The safety measures starting from air bags and seat belts have now
reached to ACC, SACC and CACC systems. The researchers of Intelligent
Vehicles Initiative in USA and the Ertico program of Europe are working on
technologies that may ultimately lead to vehicles that are wrapped in a cocoon
of sensors with a 360 –degree view of their surroundings. It will probably take
decades, but car accidents may eventually become as rare as plane accidents are
now, even though the road laws will have to be changed, up to an extent since
the non-human part of the vehicle controlling will become predominant.
Thank you

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ADAPTIVE

What is Adaptive Cruise Control?

Introduced in 1970’s in USA. This system is now

How does it work?

 ACC vehicle – the subject vehicle equipped with the

 Active brake control – a function which causes

 Clearance – distance from the forward vehicle's trailing

 Set speed – the desired cruise control travel speed set by

 Target vehicle – one of the forward vehicles in the path

 Time gap – the time interval between the ACC vehicle

 ACC off mode

2) Engine Control Module – The primary function of the Engine Control

3) Brake Control Module – The primary function of the Brake Control

4) Instrument Cluster – The primary function of the Instrument Cluster is to

5) CAN – The Controller Area Network (CAN) is an automotive standard

Mounted on steering wheel

Cruise control switch

9) Sensors/Radars – Currently 4 types of radars are available. They are-

JEEP GRAND CHEROKEE

1. The driver is relieved from the task of careful

2. A highly responsive traffic system that adjusts itself to

3. Since the braking and acceleration are done in a

2. A high market penetration is required if a society

3. Encourages the driver to become careless. It can

4. The ACC systems yet evolved enable vehicles to

 In August 1997, Toyota began to offer a "radar cruise control" system on

 Mercedes Benz introduced “DISTRONIC” in late 1998 on the S-Class.

 Jaguar began offering this system in 1999.

 BMW’s Active Cruise Control system launched in 2000 in 7-series.

 Volkswagen and Audi introduced their own systems in 2002.

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