Materials Handling: in Construction

MATERIALS HANDLING
IN CONSTRUCTION
SLING TYPES
 Generally one of six types:

 Chain
 Wire rope
 Metal mesh
 Natural fiber rope
 Synthetic fiber rope
 Synthetic web
THREE MAIN GROUPS
 Based on inspection procedures:

 Chain
 Wire Rope and Mesh
 Fiber Rope Web
ADVANTAGES &
DISADVANTAGES
 To choose the best sling look at the
following factors:
 Size
 Weight
 Shape
 Temperature
 Sensitivity of the material to be moved
 Environmental Conditions
CHAINS
 Strength and Ability to Adapt to the load

 As with all slings, care should be taken to
prevent damage.
 Sling failure has injured employees.
 Ideal for lifting hot materials-up to 1000º
 Visually inspect before each use-stretching,
wear in excess of allowances, nicks and
gouges.
WIRE ROPE
 Consists of individual wires twisted to form

strands.
 Strands are then twisted to form a wire
rope.
 Fiber Core-more flexible but less resistant
to environmental conditions.
 Wire Core-stronger and more resistant to
heat damage.
ROPE LAY
 The lay of the rope
can mean one of
three things:
 One complete
wrap of a strand
is a One Rope
Lay.
STRAND DIRECTION
 Direction the strands
are wrapped around
the core:
 Right Lay Rope is
one where the
strands are wound in
a right hand direction.
Direction of Wires in Strands to
Direction of Strands to Core
 Regular Lay Rope-

wires in strands laid
in one direction while
strands in the rope
are laid in the
opposite direction.
LANG LAY ROPE
 Lang Lay Rope-
wires are twisted in
the same direction as
the strands.
WIRE ROPE SLING
SELECTION
 Four Characteristics to Consider When

Selecting a Wire Rope Sling:
 Strength: function of size, grade &
construction.
 Must accommodate maximum load.
 Maximum load determined by multiplier.
 Ultimate strength is divided by multiplier
to determine working load limit.
THEREFORE:
Ultimate Strength = 10,000 lbs.

Multiplier*= 5
Working Load Limit= 2,000 lbs.
* New wire rope slings have a design
factor of 5. After use ultimate
strength is reduced. INSPECT!!
FATIGUE
Result of the development of small

cracks under repeated applications of
bending loads. (When ropes make
small radius bends)
To prevent use blocking or padding to
increase the radius of the bend.
ABRASIVE WEAR
A rope withstands abrasion depending

on its size, number of wires and
construction.
Smaller wires are more flexible but are
less able to withstand abrasion.
Larger wires are just the opposite.
ABUSE
 All factors being equal
abuse will cause a
rope to become
unsafe long before
any other factor.
 Therefore, safe
practices and use of
wire ropes must be
strictly adhered to.
WIRE ROPE LIFE
 Many operating conditions affect wire

rope life:
 Bending. Sling Design.
 Stresses. Materials Handled.
Corrosion. Environment.
Loading Conditions. History of Previous
 Jerking (Speed). Use.
 Abrasion.
WIRE ROPE SLING
INSPECTION
 Visually inspect before each use.

 Check twists or lay of rope.
 If 10 randomly distributed wires in one lay
are broken or 5 wires in one strand are
damaged, the sling must not be used.
 End fittings and other components must
also be inspected.
FIELD LUBRICATION
 NO SET RULE.
 Depends on conditions under which slings
are used.
 The heavier the loads, the greater number
of bends, or the more adverse the
conditions-the more frequently the sling
should be inspected.
STORAGE
 Well ventilated, dry building or shed.

 Never on the ground or left in weather.
 NOTE: More frequently used slings give
far more useful service than slings that
are idle.
DISCARDING SLINGS
 The following factors require discarding

of slings:
 Severe Corrosion.
 Localized wear on the outside (shiny spots).
 1/3 reduction of outer wire diameter.
 Damage or displacement of end fittings.
 Distortion, kinking, bird caging, etc.
 Excessive broken wires.
FIBER ROPE AND
SYNTHETIC WEB
 For temporary work-construction,

painting, and marine operations.
 Best choice for expensive loads, highly
finished parts, fragile parts and delicate
equipment.
FIBER ROPE
 Preferred because they
are pliant, grip the load
and do not mar the
surface of the load.
 Use on light loads.
 Not on objects with
sharp edges and don’t
expose to high temps
or chemicals.
FIBER ROPE
 Choice of rope type and size depend on

application, weight to be lifted and sling
angles.
 Inspect carefully before use as rope slings
deteriorate quicker than wire rope.
 Their strength is harder to estimate.
INSPECTING FIBER ROPE
 Look at its surface-look for dry, brittle,

scorched or discolored fibers.
 If noted, Supervisor should be notified to
determine if it should be discarded.
 Check interior-should be clean with no
powder build up.
 Scratch the surface-if fibers come apart it has
suffered damage and should not be used.
SYNTHETIC WEB SLINGS
 Many advantages.
 Made of nylon,
dacron, polyester.
 Have the following
common properties:
 Strength
 Convenience
 Safety
 Load Protection
COMMON PROPERTIES:
 Long Life
 Economy
 Shock Absorbency
 Temperature Resistance
UNIQUE PROPERTIES
 Nylon-use in neutral conditions or when

alkaline or greasy conditions exist. Is
resistant to chemicals and solvents.
 Dacron-use where high concentrations of
acids exist. Alkaline deteriorates Dacron.
 Polyester-use where acids or bleaching
agents are present and when minimum
stretching is important.
REMOVE IF DEFECTS
EXIST
 Acid or Caustic Burns.

 Melting or Charring of any Part of the
Surface.
 Snags, Punctures, Tears or Cuts.
 Broken or Worn Stitches.
 Wear or Elongation.
 Distortion of Fittings.
PRIMARY SAFETY
FACTORS
1. Size, Weight, and Center of Gravity.

2. Number and Angle of Legs.
3. Rated Capacity.
4. History, Care and Usage of the Sling.
SIZE, WEIGHT, CENTER OF
GRAVITY
 The center of gravity is considered to be

where the entire weight of the load may
be.
 The crane hook must be directly above
the center of gravity of the load.
 Variations may cause tilting, stress on legs
and potentially losing the load.
NUMBER OF LEGS AND
ANGLES
 As the angle decreases, the rated capacity

of the sling decreases.
 The smaller the angle, the greater the
stress on the sling leg.
 Heavier loads can be safely moved if the
weight of the load is distributed among
more sling legs.
RATED CAPACITY
 Rated capacity of sling depends on type

and size of sling and type of hitch.
 Manufacturers charts give ratings for new
slings. Older slings must be used with
more caution.
 Never exceed sling’s rated capacity.
HISTORY OF CARE AND
USAGE
 Mishandling and misuse are the leading

cause of accidents.
 Protect from sharp bends and sharp
edges.
 Properly Secure.
 Accurately determine weight and balance.
 Do not allow load to drag on ground.
Proper Care, continued:
 Position hook directly over the load.

 Seat sling squarely in hook bowl.
 Take up slack slowly-avoid jerking.
 Check tension-raise slowly and check for
balance.
 Keep all personnel clear.
 Always use tag lines.
ALWAYS OBEY THE
NEVERS!
 Never allow more than one person to

control a lift or give signals.
 Never raise the load more than necessary.
 Never leave the load suspended in the air.
 Never work under a suspended load.
MAINTENANCE OF SLINGS
 CHAIN SLINGS:
 Clean prior to each inspection.
 Look for Stretching, Binding, Wear, Nicks or
Gouges.
 File heavy nicks and gouges, then check with
caliper to ensure size is to recommendations.
 Check inside surface of links for wear.
Maintenance, continued:
 WIRE ROPE:
 Clean prior to each inspection.
 Lubricated to manufacturers
recommendations.
 Lubrication reduces corrosion and wear due
to friction.
 Rope should be dry before lubricating.
Maintenance, continued:
 Fiber Ropes and Synthetic Webs- are

generally discarded rather than repaired.
 Always follow manufacturers
recommendations.

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MATERIALS HANDLING

 Generally one of six types:

 Based on inspection procedures:

 Strength and Ability to Adapt to the load

 Consists of individual wires twisted to form

 Regular Lay Rope-

 Four Characteristics to Consider When

Ultimate Strength = 10,000 lbs.

Result of the development of small

A rope withstands abrasion depending

 Many operating conditions affect wire

 Visually inspect before each use.

 Well ventilated, dry building or shed.

 The following factors require discarding

 For temporary work-construction,

 Choice of rope type and size depend on

 Look at its surface-look for dry, brittle,

 Nylon-use in neutral conditions or when

 Acid or Caustic Burns.

1. Size, Weight, and Center of Gravity.

 The center of gravity is considered to be

 As the angle decreases, the rated capacity

 Rated capacity of sling depends on type

 Mishandling and misuse are the leading

 Position hook directly over the load.

 Never allow more than one person to

 Fiber Ropes and Synthetic Webs- are

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