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    (Electroencephalogram) An Introduction: By: Muhammad Farooq Supervisors: Dr. Aamir Saeed Malik Dr. Mohd Zuki Bin Yousaff

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    This document provides an introduction to electroencephalography (EEG). It discusses how EEG signals are generated by brain activity and recorded via electrodes placed on the scalp. It describes the 10-20 system for electrode placement and different brain rhythms visible in EEG such as alpha, beta, theta, and delta waves. The document also outlines applications of EEG like diagnosis of sleep disorders and epilepsy. It discusses factors that can affect EEG interpretation and different signal processing methods used for EEG analysis.

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    (Electroencephalogram) An Introduction: By: Muhammad Farooq Supervisors: Dr. Aamir Saeed Malik Dr. Mohd Zuki Bin Yousaff

    Uploaded by

    farooqespn
    387 views31 pages
    This document provides an introduction to electroencephalography (EEG). It discusses how EEG signals are generated by brain activity and recorded via electrodes placed on the scalp. It describes the 10-20 system for electrode placement and different brain rhythms visible in EEG such as alpha, beta, theta, and delta waves. The document also outlines applications of EEG like diagnosis of sleep disorders and epilepsy. It discusses factors that can affect EEG interpretation and different signal processing methods used for EEG analysis.

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    This document provides an introduction to electroencephalography (EEG). It discusses how EEG signals are generated by brain activity and recorded via electrodes placed on the scalp. It describes the 10-20 system for electrode placement and different brain rhythms visible in EEG such as alpha, beta, theta, and delta waves. The document also outlines applications of EEG like diagnosis of sleep disorders and epilepsy. It discusses factors that can affect EEG interpretation and different signal processing methods used for EEG analysis.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    387 views31 pages

    (Electroencephalogram) An Introduction: By: Muhammad Farooq Supervisors: Dr. Aamir Saeed Malik Dr. Mohd Zuki Bin Yousaff

    Uploaded by

    farooqespn
    This document provides an introduction to electroencephalography (EEG). It discusses how EEG signals are generated by brain activity and recorded via electrodes placed on the scalp. It describes the 10-20 system for electrode placement and different brain rhythms visible in EEG such as alpha, beta, theta, and delta waves. The document also outlines applications of EEG like diagnosis of sleep disorders and epilepsy. It discusses factors that can affect EEG interpretation and different signal processing methods used for EEG analysis.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 31
    At a glance
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    The document provides an introduction to EEG, including how EEG signals are generated and measured, different brain interfacing techniques, EEG waveforms and applications.

    The main components of the brain discussed are the cerebrum, cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata.

    The different types of brain waves discussed are alpha waves, beta waves, theta waves, and delta waves along with their characteristic frequencies and amplitudes.

    EEG (ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM)

    AN INTRODUCTION

    By: Muhammad Farooq


    Supervisors: Dr. Aamir Saeed Malik
    Dr. Mohd Zuki Bin Yousaff
    OUTLINE
     Human Brain
     EEG generation

     10/20 system

     EEG rhythms

     Signal Conditioning

     Artifact

     EEG signal processing methods


    EEG & ITS APPLICATIONS:
     EEG is spontaneous cortical electrical activity recorded
    at the scalp.
     Applications
     Man Machine interfacing
     Rehabilitation
     Diagnosis
     Sleep disorder
     Diagnosis Epilepsy
    BRAIN GEOGRAPHY
     Brain consists of four parst
     Cerebrum

     Cerebellum

     Pons

     Medulla Oblongata
    CEREBRUM
     Divided into two hemispheres
     Lefthemisphere
     Right hemisphere

     Each hemisphere is divided into four lobes.


     Frontal Lobe
     Parietal Lobe
     Temporal Lobe
     Occipital Lobe
    HOW BRAIN WORKS:
    REST CONDITION
     Exchange of information is through
    electrochemical process
     K+ can pass through the membrane
    easily
     A- protein molecules, Na+, Cl- are
    resisted
     Inside of Neuron is negative w.r.t the
    outside
     potential difference between the inside
    and outside of the neuron is
    approximately -70 mV
    THE ACTION POTENTIAL
     Depolarization &
    Repolarization
    BRAIN INTERFACING TECHNIQUES
     Invasive Brain Interface Technique
     Neural probe implantation
     Non-Invasive Brain Interfacing Technique
     Electroencephalogram (EEG)
     Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
     Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
    EEG MEASUREMENT
     EEG
    acquisition
    system

     Representati
    ve
    waveforms
    EEG RECORDING TECHNIQUE
     Electrodes with conductive media
     Amplifiers with filters

     A/D converter

     Recording Device
    SIGNAL CONDITIONING
     Raw EEG signals have amplitudes of the order of
    microVolts and contains frequency components of upto
    300Hz.
     This signal has to be amplified before the ADC and
    filtered, either before or after the ADC.
     High pass filters of cutoff 0.5Hz are used to remove
    disturbance such as breathing
     Notch filter of 50Hz to remove power supply.

     Low pass filter with cut off frequency of 50-70Hz.

     Sampling frequencies for EEG recording are 100, 250,


    500, 1000 and 20000 samples/sec.
    EEG MONTAGE:

     10/20 Electrode
    Placement System
     Each electrode site is denoted by two
    characters
     First character represents the lobe

     Second character identifies the


    hemisphere location
     F- frontal lobe
     C- central lobe
     P- parietal lobe
     O- occipital lobe
     Temporal lobe
    EEG MONTAGE
     Two types of recording
     Differential Mode
     Tow inputs to each differential amplifier are from two
    electrodes.
     Referential Mode
     Inthis case one or two reference electrodes are used e.g.
    Vertex (Cz), linked ear etc.
    EEG WAVEFORMS
     EEG waveforms generally are classified according to
    their frequency, amplitude, and shape, as well as the sites
    on the scalp at which they are recorded.
     Information about waveform frequency and shape is
    combined with the age of the patient, state of alertness or
    sleep, and head site to determine significance.
     Most significant parameter is the frequency of the
    waveform.
    FREQUENCY IS CRITICAL…
     Frequency is the initial characteristic used to define
    normal or abnormal EEG patterns
     Most waves of 7.5 Hz and higher frequencies are normal
    findings in the EEG of an awake adult. Waves with a
    frequency of 7 Hz or less often are classed as abnormal
    in awake adults, although they normally can be seen in
    children or in adults who are asleep.
     Location at which the waveform is gathered is important.
    FREQUENCY RANGES:
     Alpha waves - 8-13 Hz
     Beta waves - Greater than 13 Hz (14-30Hz)
     Theta waves - 4-7 Hz
     Delta waves – 0.5-3.5 Hz
    BETA WAVES
     Characteristics:
    -frequency: 14-30 Hz
    -amplitude: 2-20 µV
     Beta activity is ‘fast’ activity.

     Normal wave present in all age groups.

     Appear in the state of alertness

     Its presence is dominant in frontal and parietal lobes


    ALPHA WAVE
     Characteristics:
    - frequency: 8-13 Hz
    -amplitude: 20-60 µV
     Present in all ages but mostly found in adults.

     Its presence is dominant in the occipital and parietal


    lobes
     Appears in relaxation with eyes closed.

     Disappears in case of alertness.

     Regarded as normal wave


    THETA WAVES
     Characteristics:
    -frequency: 4-7Hz
    -amplitude: 20-100µV
     Found in children and sleeping adults (drowsy state)

     In transition from awake state to sleepy state, alpha wave


    occurrence will diminish and theta wave occurrence will
    increase.
     Abnormal in awake adults

     Theta waves can occur briefly in emotional or


    frustration.
    DELTA WAVE
     Characteristics:
    -frequency: .5-3.5 Hz
    -amplitude: 20-200µV
     It tends to be the highest in amplitude and the slowest
    waves.
     Observed in infants, children and adults

     Appear in deep sleep or unconscious

     Theta and delta waves are known collectively as slow


    waves.
    ARTIFACTS
     Tow types of artifacts
     1. Patient related
     Eye movement
     ECG
     Head movement
     Muscle
     Sweating
     2. System related
     50/60 Hz supply
     Impedance fluctuations
     Electric noise from the equipment etc.
    FACTORS AFFECTING EEG
    INTERPRETATION
     Age: maturation of EEG
     Arousal: refers to different sleep stages
     Medications
     Environment e.g. a.c. interference, ICU setting
     Quality of recording – aware of artifacts
    EEG SIGNAL PROCESSING
     Fourier Transform
     Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT)

     Compress Spectral Analysis (CSA)

     Wavelet Transform

     EEG Brain Topography

     Spectral Coherence

     Independent Component Analysis


    EVENT RELATED POTENTIALS (ERP)
     ERPs are small voltage fluctuations resulting from
    evoked neural activity.
     Visual evoked potentials

     Auditory evoked potentials

     Somatosensory evoked potentials 


    VISUAL EVOKED POTENTIALS
     VEP tests the function of the visual pathway from the
    retina to the occipital cortex.
     VEP Measurement
     Pattern
    e.g. Checkerboard
     Luminance e.g. flash
    PATTERN REVERSAL VEP
    FLASH VEP
    REFERENCES:
     [1] Novák D, Lhotská L, Eck V, Sorf M. EEG and VEP
    signal processing. Evoked Potentials
    Electroencephalography And Clinical Neurophysiology.
     [2] Odom JV, Bach M, Barber C, et al. Visual evoked
    potentials standard ( 2004 ) ∗. Documenta
    Ophthalmologica. 2004:115-123.
     [3] Saeid Sanei, J.A. EEG Signal Processing, Centre for
    Digital Signal Processing,Cardiff University, UK
     [4] Subha DP, Joseph PK, U RA, Lim CM. EEG Signal
    Analysis : A Survey. Journal of Medical Systems.
    2010:195-212.

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