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    ME8491 EMunit-2.4

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    Parameswara Raja
    The document discusses heat treatment processes for steel, including hardenability, factors that affect hardenability, and methods for determining hardenability such as the Jominy end-quench test. It describes various types of hardening processes including strain hardening, grain size hardening, solid solution hardening, dispersion hardening, and precipitation hardening. Specific processes like martempering and austempering are also summarized, which allow controlling stresses during quenching through an interrupted quench or isothermal hold above or within the transformation range.

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    ME8491 EMunit-2.4

    Uploaded by

    Parameswara Raja
    21 views14 pages
    The document discusses heat treatment processes for steel, including hardenability, factors that affect hardenability, and methods for determining hardenability such as the Jominy end-quench test. It describes various types of hardening processes including strain hardening, grain size hardening, solid solution hardening, dispersion hardening, and precipitation hardening. Specific processes like martempering and austempering are also summarized, which allow controlling stresses during quenching through an interrupted quench or isothermal hold above or within the transformation range.

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    HEAT TREATMENTS

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    The document discusses heat treatment processes for steel, including hardenability, factors that affect hardenability, and methods for determining hardenability such as the Jominy end-quench test. It describes various types of hardening processes including strain hardening, grain size hardening, solid solution hardening, dispersion hardening, and precipitation hardening. Specific processes like martempering and austempering are also summarized, which allow controlling stresses during quenching through an interrupted quench or isothermal hold above or within the transformation range.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    21 views14 pages

    ME8491 EMunit-2.4

    Uploaded by

    Parameswara Raja
    The document discusses heat treatment processes for steel, including hardenability, factors that affect hardenability, and methods for determining hardenability such as the Jominy end-quench test. It describes various types of hardening processes including strain hardening, grain size hardening, solid solution hardening, dispersion hardening, and precipitation hardening. Specific processes like martempering and austempering are also summarized, which allow controlling stresses during quenching through an interrupted quench or isothermal hold above or within the transformation range.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 14

    UNIT – II

    HEAT TREATMENT
    2.5 HARDENABILITY
    • It is defined as that property which determines the depth and
    distribution of hardness induced by quenching from austenitic
    condition.
    • Hardenability is the measure of the depth to which full hardness
    can be obtained.
    Factors affecting hardenability
    • The composition of steel
    • The austenite grain structure
    • Structure of steel before quenching
    • Quenching medium and method of quenching

    MZCET/MECH/II B/ME8491/EM/II 2
    2.5 HARDENABILITY
    Determining hardenability (Jominy End-Quenching)
    The jominy end quench test method is adopted universally adopted
    because
    1) It is relatively easy to perform
    2) It has excellent reproducibility
    3) It gives information useful to a designer as well as manufacturer.

    MZCET/MECH/II B/ME8491/EM/II 3
    2.5 HARDENABILITY

    MZCET/MECH/II B/ME8491/EM/II 4
    2.5 HARDENABILITY
    Types of Hardening
     Strain Hardening (work hardening)
     Grain size Hardening
     Solid solution Hardening
     Dispersion Hardening
     Precipitation hardening

    MZCET/MECH/II B/ME8491/EM/II 5
    2.5 HARDENABILITY
    Strain Hardening:
    Strengthening by cold-work (cold plastic deformation).
    Cold Plastic Deformation:
    It causes increase of concentration of dislocations, which mutually
    entangle one another, making further dislocation motion difficult and
    therefore resisting the deformation or increasing the metal strength.
    Grain size Hardening:
    Grain size obtained by grain refining.
    Solid solution hardening:
    Solid solution strengthening by dissolving an alloying element.
    Dispersion strengthening:
    Strengthening by addition of second phase into metal matrix.
    MZCET/MECH/II B/ME8491/EM/II 6
    2.5 HARDENABILITY
    Precipitation Hardening (Age Hardening)
     Strengthening by precipitation of fine particles of a second phase
    from a supersaturated solid solution.
     The age hardening mechanism in Al-Cu alloys may be illustrated by
    the phase diagram of Al-Cu system.
     When an alloy Al-3%Cu is heated up to the temperature TM, all
    CuAl2 particles are dissolved and the alloy exists in form of single
    phase solid solution (α-phase).

    MZCET/MECH/II B/ME8491/EM/II 7
    2.5 HARDENABILITY

    MZCET/MECH/II B/ME8491/EM/II 8
    2.5 HARDENABILITY
    Precipitation from supersaturated solid solution occurred in several
    steps
     Segregation of Cu atoms into plane clusters. These clusters are called
    Guinier-Preston1 zones (G-P1 zones).
     Diffusion of Cu atoms to the G-P1 zones and formation larger clusters,
    called GP2 zones or θ” phase. This phase is coherent with the matrix .
     Formation of θ’ phase which is partially coherent with the matrix. This
    phase provides maximum hardening.

    MZCET/MECH/II B/ME8491/EM/II 9
    2.5 HARDENABILITY
    Martempering
    • It will be readily appreciated that the quenching operation used in
    hardening introduces internal stresses into the steel.
    • These can be sufficiently large to distort or even crack the steel.
    • Martempering is a method by which the stresses and strains
    generated during the quenching of a steel component can be
    controlled.
    • A method of tempering steel that reduces its tendency to crack or
    distort, by rapid quenching to a temperature just above that.

    MZCET/MECH/II B/ME8491/EM/II 10
    2.5 HARDENABILITY

    MZCET/MECH/II B/ME8491/EM/II 11
    2.5 HARDENABILITY
    • This allows temperature equalization across the section of the part
    and more uniform cooling and structure, hence lower stresses.
    • The steel can then be tempered in the usual way.
    • MARTEMPERING is a term used to describe an interrupted quench
    from the austenitizing temperature of certain alloy, cast, tool, and
    stainless steels. The purpose is to delay the cooling just above the
    martensitic transformation for a length of time to equalize the
    temperature throughout the piece.

    MZCET/MECH/II B/ME8491/EM/II 12
    2.5 HARDENABILITY
    Austempering
    • Austempering also involves an isothermal hold in the quenching
    operation, but the structure formed, whilst hard and tough, does not
    require further tempering.
    • Austempering is a heat treating process for medium-to-high carbon
    ferrous metals which produces a metallurgical structure called bainite.
    It is used to increase strength, toughness, and reduce distortion.
    • The process is mostly applied to high carbon steels in relatively thin
    sections for springs or similar parts.
    • These processes are shown schematically in the TTT Curves.

    MZCET/MECH/II B/ME8491/EM/II 13
    2.5 HARDENABILITY

    MZCET/MECH/II B/ME8491/EM/II 14

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