Unit-Iii Part-A

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UNIT-III
PART-A
1.What is sub-zero treatment of steel?

Whenever the steel is hardening some amount of austenite is always retained by it.
This results in the reduction of hardness, thermal conductivity and wear resistance.
The sub-zero treatment of hardened steel reduces the retained austenite. In this
process the hardened steel part is cooled to sub-zero temperature (between-30o C
to -120o C).
2.What is “patenting”?
A special application of isothermal hardening is called patenting and is used for
steel wire. Steel wire with 0.40 – 1.10% carbon is quenched from the hardening
temperature in a bath of molten lead to about 400o C to 500o C. A structure results
with possesses good ductility in addition to a hardness.
3. Name the industrially important copper alloys.
a) Copper-Zinc (the Brasses)
b) Copper-Tin (the Tin Bronzes)
c) Copper-Tin-Phosphorus (the Phosper Bronzes)
d) Copper-Aluminium (the Aluminium Bronzes)
e) Copper-Nickel (the Cupro-Nickels)
4. What are the uses of high resistivity materials?
High resistivity materials are used
a) In resistor applications
b) As heating elements and
c) In resistance thermometers
5. What is air air hardening steel?
Alloy steel which may be hardened by cooling in air from a temperature above the
transformation range. Such steels attain their martensitic structure without going
through the quenching process. Additions of chromium, nickel, molybdenum and
manganese are effective toward this end.
6. What is AISI STEELS?
Steels of the American Iron and Steel Institute. Common and alloy steels have
been numbered in a system essentially the same as the SAE. The AISI system is
more elaborate than the SAE in that all numbers are preceded by letters: “A”
represents basic open-hearth alloy steel, “B” acid Bessemer carbon steel, “C” basic
open-hearth carbon steel, “CB” either acid Bessemer or basic open-hearth carbon
steel, “E” electric furnace
7. State the meaning of aluminum killed steel.
A steel where aluminum has been used as a deoxidizing agent.
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8. What is an alloy?
Metal prepared by adding other metals or non-metals to a basic metal to secure
desirable properties.
9.What is alloy steel?
Steel containing substantial quantities of elements other than carbon and the
commonly-accepted limited amounts of manganese, sulfur, silicon, and
phosphorous. Addition of such alloying elements is usually for the purpose of
increased hardness, strength or chemical resistance. The metals most commonly
used for forming alloy steels are: nickel, chromium, silicon, manganese, tungsten,
molybdenum and vanadium. “Low Alloy” steels are usually considered to be those
containing a total of less than 5% of such added constituents.
10.What is alpha brass?
A copper-zinc alloy containing up to 38% of zinc. Used mainly for cold working.
11. What is austenitic steel?
Steel, because of the presence of alloying elements, such as manganese, nickel,
chromium, etc., shows stability of Austenite at normal temperatures.
12. How bainite is formed?
A slender, needle-like (acicular) microstructure appearing in spring steel strip
characterized by toughness and greater ductility than tempered Martensite. Bainite
is a decomposition product of Austenite best developed at interrupted holding
temperatures below those forming fine pearlite and above those giving Martensite.
13. Which steel is called as carbon steel?
Common or ordinary steel as contrasted with special or alloy steels, which contain
other alloying metals in addition to the usual constituents of steel in their common
percentages.
14. What is ferritic stainless steel?
Has a body centered cubic (BCC) structure. These alloys are the chromium
stainless steels containing low carbon levels. They are hardenable primarily by
cold working, although some will harden slightly by heat treating. Ferritic stainless
steels work harden much slower than austentitic stainless steels
15. Define the structure of PEARLITE.
Lamellar structure resembling mother of pearl. A compound of iron and carbon
occurring in steel as a result of the transformation of austenite into aggregations of
ferrite and iron carbide.
16. What is phosphor bronze? State its applications.
Copper base alloys, with 3.5 to 10% of tin, to which has been added in the molten
state phosphorous in varying amounts of less than 1% for deoxidizing and
strengthening purposes. Because of excellent toughness, strength, fine grain,
resistance to fatigue and wear, and chemical resistance, these alloys find general
use as springs and in making fittings. It has corrosion resisting properties
comparable to copper.
17. What is pig iron?
Iron produced by reduction of iron ore in a blast furnace. Pig iron contains
approximately 92% iron and about 3.5% carbon. The balance is largely silicone
and manganese with a small percentage of phosphorus, sulphur, and other
impurities.
PART-B
1) Give the classification of steels , and give the properties and application of
high carbon and low carbon steels.
The high-carbon steels, normally having carbon contents between 0.60
and 1.4 wt%, are the hardest, strongest, and yet least ductile of the carbon
steels.
The tool and die steels are highcarbon alloys, usually containing
chromium, vanadium, tungsten, and molybdenum.
2) What are alloy steel? how the alloy steel are classified explain them.
Alloy steels are iron-carbon alloys, to which alloying elements are added
with a purpose to improve the steels properties as compared to the
Carbon steels.
Due to effect of alloying elements, properties of alloy steels exceed
those of plane carbon steels.
AISI/SAE classification divide alloy steels onto groups according to the
major alloying elements:
3) Give the explain in the following:
Manganese (Mn) - improves hardenability, ductility and wear resistance. Mn
eliminates formation of harmful iron sulfides, increasing strength at high
Nickel (Ni) - increases strength, impact strength and toughness, impart corrosion
resistance in combination with other elements.
Chromium (Cr) - improves hardenability, strength and wear resistance,
sharply increases corrosion resistance at high concentrations (> 12%).
Tungsten (W) - increases hardness particularly at elevated temperatures due to
stable carbides, refines grain size.
3) Write an engineering steels brief about the following
a) Tool steels
b)HSLA
o Steels They contain other alloying elements such as copper,
vanadium, nickel, and molybdenum in combined
o concentrations as high as 10 wt%, and possess higher strengths
than the plain low-carbon steels.
4) Discuss the composition, properties of any four copper alloys.
BRASSES:
o A brass is an alloy of copper with zinc. Brasses are usually
yellow in color.
o The zinc content can vary between few % to about 40%; as long
as it is kept under 15%, it does not markedly decrease corrosion
resistance of copper.
BRONZES
A bronze is an alloy of copper and other metals, most often tin,
but also aluminium and silicon.
Aluminium bronzes are alloys of copper and aluminium.
They have higher strength and corrosion resistance than other
bronzes, especially in marine environment, and have low
reactivity to sulfur compounds.
5) Explain the composition, properties of some aluminium alloys.
o Aluminum and its alloys are characterized by a relatively low density
(2.7 g/cm3 as compared to 7.9 g/cm3 for steel),
o high electrical and thermal conductivities, and a resistance to
corrosion aluminum alloys are classified as either cast or wrought
o aluminum has an FCC crystal structure, its ductility is retained even at
very low temperatures.
o Nonheat- treatable alloys consist of a single phase, for which an
increase in strength is achieved by solid solution strengthening..
1) Write short notes on types of steels.
Thus steels are basically three kinds:
low-carbon steels (% wt of C < 0.3),
medium carbon steels (0.3 <% wt of C < 0.6) and
high-carbon steels (% wt of C > 0.6).
The other parameter available for classification of steels is amount of alloying
additions, and based on this steels are two kinds:
(plain) carbon steels and
alloy-steels.
7.Write short notes on types of cast iron.

Though ferrous alloys with more than 2.14 wt.% C are designated as cast irons,
commercially cast irons contain about 3.0-4.5% C along with some alloying
additions.
Gray cast iron: These alloys consists carbon in form graphite flakes, which are
surrounded by either ferrite or pearlite.
White cast iron: When Si content is low (< 1%) in combination with faster
cooling rates, there is no time left for cementite to get decomposed, thus most of
the brittle cementite retains.
Nodular (or ductile) cast iron: Alloying additions are of prime importance in
producing these materials. Small additions of Mg / Ce to the gray cast iron melt
before casting can result in graphite to form nodules or sphere-like particles.
Malleable cast iron: These formed after heat treating white cast iron. Heat
treatments involve heating the material up to - C, and keep it for long hours,
before cooling it to room temperature.

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1.What is sub-zero treatment of steel?

7.Write short notes on types of cast iron.

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