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B1 G. Factor Theorem, Remainder Theorem, Binomial Theorem

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Marianne Lou Palomar

1) The factor theorem states that if a polynomial function f(x) equals 0 at a value a, then (x - a) is a factor of the polynomial. This allows polynomials to be factored. 2) The remainder theorem says that when a polynomial f(x) is divided by (x - a), the remainder is equal to the value of f(a). 3) The binomial theorem gives properties for expanding binomial expressions of the form (a + b)^n, including that there are n+1 terms, the first term is a^n and last is b^n, and the exponents of a and b in each term sum to n.

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B1 G. Factor Theorem, Remainder Theorem, Binomial Theorem

Uploaded by

Marianne Lou Palomar
58 views15 pages
1) The factor theorem states that if a polynomial function f(x) equals 0 at a value a, then (x - a) is a factor of the polynomial. This allows polynomials to be factored. 2) The remainder theorem says that when a polynomial f(x) is divided by (x - a), the remainder is equal to the value of f(a). 3) The binomial theorem gives properties for expanding binomial expressions of the form (a + b)^n, including that there are n+1 terms, the first term is a^n and last is b^n, and the exponents of a and b in each term sum to n.

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different theorems

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B1 G. FACTOR THEOREM, REMAINDER THEOREM, BINOMIAL THEOREM

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1) The factor theorem states that if a polynomial function f(x) equals 0 at a value a, then (x - a) is a factor of the polynomial. This allows polynomials to be factored. 2) The remainder theorem says that when a polynomial f(x) is divided by (x - a), the remainder is equal to the value of f(a). 3) The binomial theorem gives properties for expanding binomial expressions of the form (a + b)^n, including that there are n+1 terms, the first term is a^n and last is b^n, and the exponents of a and b in each term sum to n.

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© All Rights Reserved
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
58 views15 pages

B1 G. Factor Theorem, Remainder Theorem, Binomial Theorem

Uploaded by

Marianne Lou Palomar
1) The factor theorem states that if a polynomial function f(x) equals 0 at a value a, then (x - a) is a factor of the polynomial. This allows polynomials to be factored. 2) The remainder theorem says that when a polynomial f(x) is divided by (x - a), the remainder is equal to the value of f(a). 3) The binomial theorem gives properties for expanding binomial expressions of the form (a + b)^n, including that there are n+1 terms, the first term is a^n and last is b^n, and the exponents of a and b in each term sum to n.

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FACTOR THEOREM, REMAINDER

THEOREM & BINOMIAL THEOREM

A:The Factor Theorem


The Factor Theorem

A simple quadratic function can be factorised by


inspection e.g. Consider
f ( x)  x 2  2 x  3
The factors are ( x  1)( x  3)
From the factors, we can see that the zeros of
the functions are
x  1 and x  3
So, f (1)  (1) 2  2(1)  3  0
f (3)  (3) 2  2(3)  3
 963  0
Reversing this process enables us to factorise
cubics ( and polynomials of higher degrees )
The Factor Theorem

e.g. If f (x)  x 3  7 x 2  9x  3
x  1  f (  1)  (  1) 3  7(  1) 2  9(  1)  3
 1 7 9 3
 0

f (  1)  0  ( x  1) is a factor

( Notice the change of sign )


For a polynomial function f ( x ), the factor theorem
says that:
if f (a )  0 then ( x  a ) is a factor
The Factor Theorem

Factorising a Cubic Function


3 2
e.g.1 Find a linear factor of x  2 x  3 x  2
3 2
Solution: Let f ( x )  x  2 x  3x  2
Try a = 1: f (1)  (1) 3  2(1) 2  3(1)  2
 1 2 3 2  0
f (1)  0  ( x  1) is a factor

Once we have found one factor of a cubic, the other


factor, which is quadratic, can be found by inspection.
Sometimes this quadratic factor will also factorise
The Factor Theorem
3 2
e.g.2 Factorise fully x  2 x  5 x  8
Solution: We use the factor theorem to find one
linear factor:
Let f ( x)  x 3  2 x 2  5 x  8
The linear factor can only contain
numbers that are factors of 8.
We could try any of x  1,  2,  4,  8
f (1)  1  2  5  8  12  0  ( x  1 ) is not a factor
f (1)  1  2  5  8  0  ( x  1 ) is a factor
These numbers suggest that ( x  1 ) could be a factor
3 2
So, x  2 x  5 x  8  ( x  1)  ( quadratic factor )
The quadratic factor can be found by inspection.
The Factor Theorem
Exercises
Factorise the following cubics:
1. x 3  7 x 2  14 x  8
 ( x  1)( x 2  6 x  8)
 ( x  1)( x  2)( x  4)

2. x 3  7 x 2  16 x  12
 ( x  2)( x 2  5 x  6)
 ( x  2)( x  2)( x  3)
3. x3  2x2  2x  4
 ( x  2)( x 2  2)
The Factor Theorem
REMAINDER THEOREM
If a polynomial f(x) is divided by (x – a),
the remainder is the constant f(a), and

f(x) = q(x) ∙ (x – a) + f(a)

where q(x) is a polynomial with degree


one less than the degree of f(x).

Dividend equals quotient times divisor plus remainder.


BINOMIAL THEOREM
PROPERTIES:
1.THE NUMBER OF TERMS IN THE EXPANSION n+1
2.THE FIRST TERM IS an AND THE LAST TERM IS bn
3.THE EXPONENT OF a DESCENDS LINEARLY FROM n TO
0
4.THE EXPONENT OF b ASCENDS LINEARLY FROM 0 TO
n
5.THE SUM OF THE EXPONENTS OF a AND b IN ANY OF
THE TERMS IS EQUAL TO n
6.THE COEFFICIENT OF THE SECOND TERM AND THE
SECOND FROM THE LAST TERM IS n
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