GOOD MORNING

INTERNAL ANATOMY OF TOOTH

Guided by:
Dr. P. Karunakar
Dr. Umrana Faizuddin
Dr. Ashish Jain
Presented by:
A. Sarika
 CONTENTS
Part:1:
Introduction
Internal anatomy:
pulp chamber
Root canals
Accessory canals
Lateral canals
Furcal canals
Root apex
Classification of root canals
Anatomy of each individual tooth
Methods of determining pulpal anatomy Part 2
Variation of pulp space:
Physiologic variation:
1. Age
2. Variation due to developmental causes
3.Variation in size of pulp space
4.Variation in shape of the pulp space
5. Variation in number of canals
6.Variation caused by pulp pathology
7.Variation in Apical third
Summary and conclusion
Introduction:
 History

• Early works of Preiswerk in 1912,

• Fasoli and Arlotta in 1913, and

• Hess and Zurcher in 1917, to more recent studies demonstrating the

anatomic complexities of the root

 COMPONENTS OF THE PULP SYSTEM

The major regions are the :

Pulp horns
Body of the pulp chamber
Canal orifices
Radicular pulp
Lateral and accessory canals
Apical foramen
Pulp chamber:
• position
• shape of pulp chamber
• variations in configuration
Pulp horns:

• They may vary with the height and location

• Single pulp horn tends to be associated with each cusp in
posterior tooth mesial and distal horns in the incisors
• Occlusal extent of pulp horn corresponds to the height of
contour in a younger tooth
• It lies close to cervical margins in older tooth
Reporting on study in International Journal of Paleopathology.
The rachitic tooth: The use of radiographs as a screening technique, online 7 November 2017 .Lori
D’Ortenzio et al
Root canals:

• Extend from orifice existing as the apical foramen

• One canal – bowling pin, kidney-bean, hourglass, or
ribbon shape
• Two canals- oval
• Deep facial-lingual root with mesial or distal concavities-
hourglass or kidney bean shaped
• The shape and number of canals in a root reflects
the facial-lingual depth and shape of the root at
each level ;
• The deeper the root, facio-lingually more likely that
there are two separate, definitive canals.
• If the root tapers toward the apical third --- there is
a greater likelihood that the canals will converge to
exit as a single canal.
Accessory canals:
• it is a channel leading from the root
pulp laterally through the dentin to
the periodontal tissue.
• Present in the apical third of the
root sheath cells.
Lateral canals:

Canal that emanate from the main

canal take a perpendicular course
 Furcal canals:

Entrapment of the periodontal vessels during the

fusion of the diaphragm which becomes the pulp
chamber floor
Maxillary first molar - 36%
mandibular first molars -32%
Mandibular second molars -24%
Maxillary second molars -12%
Apex:
• is mainly based on 3 anatomic and
histologic land marks.

1).Apical constriction
2).Cemento dentinal junction
3).Apical foramen
APICAL CONSTRICTION-
Apical portion of the root canal with the narrowest diameter
Also known as the MINOR DIAMETER
Reference point for the apical termination of shaping cleaning & obturation..

LOCATION:
0.5 – 1.5mm short of the center of apical foramen…
Location varies with age due to deposition of secondary dentin or
cementum.
DUMMER’S CLASSIFICATION OF APICAL CONSTRICTION
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Ideally it is believed that the instrumentation and obturation within the
root canal should be limited up to the apical constriction…

Reason :
As it would serve as “ APICAL-DENTIN MATRIX”
 Cementodentinal junction

• Cementodentinal junction -point in the canal where

cementum meets the dentin
• Kuttler(1955) , root canal is divided into a long
conical dentinal portion and a short funnel shaped
cemental portion.
• The cemental portion is usually in the form of an
inverted cone with its narrowest diameter at or near
the CDJ and its base at the apical foramen
Clinical significance:
Kuttler(1955) claimed that the distance between the CDJ and the apical
foramen averaged 0.5-07mm in young people and 0.7-0.84mm in older
people, thereby enabling the clinician to measure more precisely the
distance to which root canal filling should extend.
APICAL FORAMEN-

is the circumference or rounded edge, like a funnel or

crater that differentiates the termination of cemental
canal from the exterior surface of the root.
Largest :
palatal root of maxillary teeth and
distal root of mandibular teeth.
Diameter varies: 502-681µm.

The greatest extension of cementum generally occurs on the concave

surface of the canal curvature which implies CDJ & AC are not in same
place.
LOCATION AND SHAPE OF APICAL FORAMEN

• Location and shape varies at different periods of life.

• Kuttler(1955) stated that the diameter of the foramen

increases with age and varies from 502µm in young to 681µm
in aged.

• Position varies in different teeth and it does not normally

exit at the anatomic apex but is offset 0.5-3mm.
SHAPE OF THE FORAMEN:

• From AC the canal widens as it approaches the AF.

• The space between the major and the minor diameter
has been described as funnel shaped or hyperbolic or
having the shape of MORNING GLORY.
• It has a conical dentinal portion and inverted cone
cemental portion
• AC is located at the narrowest opening of inverted
cone.
AF is located at the base of inverted cone.
(Green-1955) Various shapes of apical foramen are:
• Semi lunar
• Asymmetric
• Hourglass
• Serrated
APICAL DELTA - there may be two or three apical foramen split by
cementum & dentin thus forming apical delta.

Significance :

• Cleaning and shaping-difficult

• Apical stop – difficult
• Recapitulation-difficult.
• Act as nidus for micro organisms.
• Flareup due to microleakage
 Canal orifices

• They are openings in the floor of the pulp chamber leading into the
root canals or pulp space.

• Treatment failures : missed orifices with the dentist endings up

perforating a tooth

• Thorough knowledge of the morphology as well as the location of

the pulp chamber in relation to the external crown form.
 Paul Krasner and Henry Rankow in 2004

Law of centrality: The floor of the pulp chamber is

always located in the centre of the tooth at the
level of CEJ.
Law of concentricity: The walls of the pulp
chamber are always concentric to the external
surface of the tooth at the level of CEJ.
Law of CEJ: The CEJ is the most consistent
repeatable landmark for locating the position of
the pulp chamber
Laws regarding the relationship of the pulp chamber and floor:

Laws of symmetry 1: Except for the maxillary molars, the orifices of the
canal are equidistant from a line drawn in mesial distal direction through
the pulp chamber floor.

Law of symmetry 2: Except for the maxillary molars, the orifices of the
canals lie on a line perpendicular to the line drawn in the mesial distal
direction across the centre of the floor of the pulp chamber.
Law of the color change: The color of the pulpal floor is always darker than
the walls.
Law of the orifice location no.1: The orifice of the root canals is always
located at the junction of the walls and the floor.
Law of the orifice location no.2: The orifices of the root canals are always
located at the angles of the floor wall junction.
Law of the orifice location no.3: The orifice of the root canals are always
located at the terminus of the root developmental fusion lines.
Isthmus

1. Is a narrow , ribbon shaped communication between two root canals that

contains pulp or pulpally derived tissue.

2. They serve as reservoir for bacteria.

3. Can be expected in multiple canal root.

4. Kim et al identified 5 types of isthmi that can be found on beveled surface.

• Isthmi are found in 15% of anterior teeth; in
• maxillary premolar teeth: 16% at the 1 mm resection level and
• 52% at the 6 mm resection level.

• mesiobuccal root of the maxillary first molar from 30% to 50% at 2 to

4 mm level.
• 80% of the mesial roots of mandibular first molars have isthmi at the 3 to 4
mm resection level, whereas15% of distal roots have isthmi at the 3 mm level.

• The recognition and micro endodontic treatment of canal isthmi have

significantly reduced the failure rate of endodontic surgery.
Classification of canal configurations :

According to Gross man :

One canal existing as one canal
Two canal exiting as one canal
Two canals exiting as two canals
One canal exiting as two canals

According to Wiene :
Type I:One canal exiting at one foramina
Type II :Two canals exiting at one foramina
Type III:Two canals exiting into two foramina
Type IV:One canal exiting at two foramina
Vertucci classification:
 Central Incisor

• Average length - 23.5mm

• Crown length - 10.5mm
• Root length - 13mm
• 29 o axial inclination
• Single rooted tooth
• Incidence 100%(1925 and De Deus 1960 in: De Deus,1992),
• long axis of the canal meets the incisal area at the incisal edge
or slightly palatally.
• Root trunk is generally straight and tapers to a blunt apex.
 Internal anatomy

Pulp chamber: broad mesiodistally

Three pulp horns corresponds to developmental mamelons

Root canal:
Cervical level: wider in the
mesiodistal dimension
triangular in shape.
Midroot level: ovoid
Apical third level: round
 Canal system

• Single canal ,however mid root and apical lateral canals

and apical deltas are common.
• Incidence -100%
• Lateral canals found in apical 2.5mm.
• Root Apex: (Green et al)
• Major foramen diameter -0.4mm
• Accessory foramen diameter – 0.2mm
•Distance between major apical foramina from root apex is
0.3mm.
•Mizutani et al – Displacement of foramina is distolabial
 Maxillary lateral Incisors:

Average length - 22mm

Crown length - 9mm
Root length - 13mm
16o mesioaxial inclination
Single rooted tooth.
Root trunk is generally smaller than central incisor and has finer root
tip, often terminating in a curve to distal or lingual or both
 Internal anatomy:

Pulp chamber:
• broad Mesio-distally
• Two pulp horns

Root canals:
• Cervical level: wider in the labiolingually
• Mid-root level: ovoid
• Apical third level: round
 Root canal system:

Single rooted tooth presenting single canal.

Incidence -99.9%
Root Apex:
Major foramen diameter -0.4mm
Accessory foramina diameter – 0.2mm
•Distance between major apical foramina from root apex is
0.3mm.
• Mizutani et al – Displacement of foramina is distolingual.
 Variations and anomalies:

Radicular grooves:
pecora et al -incidence of 3%of radicular grooves.
Shovel shaped incisors,Dens in dentin.
Dens invaginatus –classification by Ohelers
Type 1 :invagination confined to crown
Type 2:extends past the cementoenamel junction,but not
involving periapical tissues
Type 3 :extends past the cementoenamel junction and may
result in a second apical foramen.
 Maxillary canine

• Average length - 27mm

• Crown length - 10mm
• Root length - 17mm
• 6o distal axial inclination
• 21o lingualaxial inclination
• Single rooted tooth.
• Incidence: 100%
• Root is wider labiolingualy and longest root in dentition
• Root tip is blunt or it may end in fine, often curved tip .
Developmental depressions can be present both mesially or
distally especially in the middle third of the root

Pulp chamber:
Ovoid, broad labiopalatally
one pulp horn
Labiopalatally triangular in shape with apex towards the
cusp, base cervically
Mesiodistally narrow resembling a flame
Root canals:
Cervical level: wider in the labiolingualy
Oval in shape
Midroot level: ovoid
Apical third level: round
 Root canal system

Single rooted tooth presenting single canal.

Incidence -96.5% single canal
3.5% two canals
75% join in the apical third and exit as single foramen
Root Apex:
Major foramen diameter -0.5mm
Accessory foramina diameter – 0.2mm
12%exhibit accessory foramina
•Distance between major apical foramina from root apex is 0.3mm.
• Mizutani et al – Displacement of foramina is distolingual.
 Variations and anomalies:

• Root is more frequently affected than crown.

• Root may be dilacerated or extremely long.
• Dens evaginatus –take a form of tubercle or talons cusp
most frequently on lingual surface.
• Dens invaginatus
 Maxillary first premolar
Average length - 22.5mm
Crown length - 8.5mm
Root length - 14mm
10o distal axial inclination
6o buccal axial inclination
Two rooted tooth.
Root concavities are present mostly on mesial surface extendind on
to the cervical third of the crown – makes the crown broad
buccolingualy with kidney shaped .
Buccal furcation groove is seen- apical third.
Pulp chamber:
narrow mesiodistally ,two pulp horns buccal is at higher level,
Roof of the pulp chamber is coronal to cervical line
Wide and ovoid in bucco palatal direction
Root canals:
Cervical level: very wide in the buccolingual
Mid root level: ovoid may be enlarged
to a round, tapered cavity.
Apical third level: round
 Root canal system
Two rooted tooth
Incidence:
One canal - 9% One root - 37%
Two canals - 85% Two roots - 57%
Three canals - 6% Three roots - 6%
 Maxillary second premolar
Average length - 22.5mm
Crown length - 8.5mm
Root length - 14mm
19o distal axial inclination
9o lingual axial inclination
single rooted tooth.
Root trunk is broad buccolingually with
developmental depressions on mesial and
distal aspects of the roots.
Root apex ends in a blunt apex.
Pulp chamber:
narrow mesiodistally ,two pulp horns super impose
Roof of the pulp chamber is coronal to cervical line
Wide and ovoid in bucco palatal direction
Pulpal floor is deeper if two canals are present

Root canals:
Cervical level: very wide in the buccolingual
Midroot level: ovoid
Apical third level: round
 Root canal system:

Single rooted tooth.

Vertucci FJ et al
One canal / one foramen - 48%
Two canals / one foramina - 27%
Two canals / two foramina - 24%
Three canals - 1%
Two rooted tooth – 5.5% - 20.4%
Three rooted tooth – 0%-1%.
 Variations and anomalies:

•Dens invaginatus,
•deep distal concavity,
•taurodontism.
 Maxillary first molars

Average length - 20.5mm

Crown length - 7.5mm
Root length - 13mm
Three rooted tooth.
Mesiobuccal root is broad buccolingually and has
prominent depressions or fluttings on its mesial
and distal surfaces.
• Depression on distal aspect of mesiobuccal root.
• Distobuccal root is rounded or ovoid in cross section .
• Palatal root is broad mesiodistally, ovoid in shape.
• There is usually has buccal curvature in apical third.
• Shallow depressions are present on mesial and distal
surfaces of palatal root
• Pulp chamber:
• largest pulp chamber in dental arch
• Four pulp horns –arranged in a rhomboid manner
• Floor is triangular in shape at the cervical third of root
• Roof is at height of contour.
• Root canals:
• Coronally: flattened in mesiodistal direction
• Apical third : round
 Root canal system

Three rooted tooth

Weine Fs et al,
 Mesiobuccal root:
  One canal - 42.9%
Two canals - 57.1%
Type II - 37%
Type III - 15%
Distobuccal root:
One canal : 98.3%
Two canals: 1.7%
Palatal root:
One canal -99%
Weine et al. (1969) observed that failures related to the
mesiobuccal root of maxillary molars
Smadi and Khraisat (2007) reported that the maxillary first
molar has some of the highest failure rates in endodontic
treatment
 Variations and anomalies:

• Incidence of MB2 canals varies with age of the patient- fewer canals in
aged pateint due to calcifications.
• Maxillary molars with 2 palatal roots
 MAXILLARY SECOND MOLAR

Average length - 19mm

Crown length - 7mm
Root length - 12mm
Vertical axial alignment
Three rooted tooth. more distally inclined ,roots are placed
more closer.
Mesiobuccal root is broad buccolingually and has
prominent depressions or fluttings on its mesial and distal
surfaces.
• Depression on distal aspect of mesiobuccal root.
• Distobuccal root is rounded or ovoid in cross section .
• Palatal root is broad mesiodistally, ovoid in shape.
• There is usually has buccal curvature in apical third.
• Shallow depressions are present on mesial and distal surfaces of
palatal root
Pulp chamber:
Similar to first molar but narrower mesiodistally
More rhomboidal in coronal pulp
Floor is obtuse triangular

Variations and anomalies

Taurodontism
Pulp stones
Four rooted teeth
 Maxillary third molar:

Average length - 17.5mm

Crown length - 6.5mm
Root length - 11mm
Inclined distally or bucally
Pulp chamber –resemble second molar
Radicular anotomy is unpredictable
Three roots (straight,curved, dilaceraterd, may be fully or partially
developed)
 Mandibular central incisor

Average length - 21.5mm

Crown length - 9mm
Root length - 12.5mm
2o mesial axial inclination
20o lingual axial inclination
Single rooted tooth
Root is broad bucco lingualy ,longitudinal
depressions are present both mesial and distal
surfaces of the root.
Cross section – ovoid to hourglass shape.
Pulp chamber:
pulp chamber is small and flat mesiodistally
Three distinct pulp horns
Labiolingually the pulp chamber is wide and ovoid in cross
section in the cervical third of the crown and tapers incisally.
Root canal:
Cervical third: broad labiolingually ,ovoid
Middle third: ribbon shaped
Apical third: round
 Variations and anomalies:

Dens invaginatus
Fusion
Gemination
 Mandibular lateral incisor

Average length - 23.5mm

Crown length - 9.5mm
Root length - 14mm
17o mesial axial inclination
20o lingual axial inclination
Single rooted tooth
Root is broad buccolingualy ,with longitudinal depressions
mesial and distal mid root surfaces of the root
Root cross section is ovoid or hourglasss in shape.
Pulp chamber:
Similar to central incisor ,larger in dimension
Root canals:
Lateral canals- 18%
Apical deltas --- 6%
Apical foramen at the radiographic apex – 20%
 Variations and anomalies

Dens invaginatus
Fusion
Gemination
 Mandibular canine:
Average length - 27mm
Crown length - 11mm
Root length - 16mm
13o mesial axial inclination
15o lingual axial inclination
Single rooted tooth ,wider buccolingually, deep devepomental
depressions are present .
Bifurcated root – when present usually result in small lingual
root let at the apical region
Pulp chamber-
Resembles maxillary cuspid narrow mesiodistally.
Ovoid in cervical third.
Root canals:
Lateral canals- 9.5%
Apical foramen at root apex- 30%
 Variations and anomalies

Dens evaginatus
Three canal in a single root
Fusion with lateral incisors
Dens invaginatus
gemination
 Mandibular first premolar:

Average length - 22.5mm

Crown length - 8.5mm
Root length - 14mm
14o distal axial inclination
10o lingual axial inclination
Single rooted tooth, wider buccolingually .
Developmental depressions on distal and
mesial root .
Root is ovoid ar hourglass shaped root.
Pulp chamber:
Wider buccolingually, prominent buccal pulp horn
under well developed buccal cusp .
Young pulp- lingual small pulp horn is present
,disappears with age and appears as cuspid pulp.
30o lingual tilt is seen.
Root canals:
Cervical ovoid
Apical round
 Variations and anomalies

Gemination
Dens evaginatus
Dens invaginatus
Multiple roots
 Mandibular second premolar:

Average length - 22.5mm

Crown length - 8mm
Root length - 14.5mm
10o distal axial inclination
34o buccal axial inclination
Single rooted tooth,flat or convex on its mesial
surface .
Developmental depressions on distal root
surface.
Root is ovoid in cross section
Pulp chamber:
similar to first premolar. except for well developed
lingual pulp horn
Root canals :
wider buccolingually
 Variations and anomalies

Dens evaginatus
Multiple roots and canals
 Mandibular first molar

• Average length - 21.5mm

• Crown length - 7.5mm
• Root length - 14mm
• Distal inclination of the tooth
• Two rooted tooth both the roots are broader bucco-
lingually
• Mesial root has concavities on mesial and distal
surfaces and angled slightly mesially before
curving distally in the mid root .
• Mesial root is slightly rotated and tapers distally and lingually
• Distal root is ovoid in shape

Pulp chamber:
Roof is rectangular shaped, located in cervical third of the crown
Rhombiodal floor .
Root canals:
Cervical third- three canals are ovoid
Apical third - round
 Variations and anomalies

Radix enteromolaris
Taurodontism
C- shaped canals
 Mandibular second molar

• Average length - 20mm

• Crown length - 7mm
• Root length - 13mm
• Two rooted tooth both the roots are broader
buccolingually
• The mesial and distal roots are usually closer together
frequently fused compared to first molar.
• Root concavities are present on mesial and distal roots and
distal surface of mesial roots.
• Pulp chamber:
• Smaller than maxillary molar canal orifices are smaller and
closer
• Root canals:
• Lateral canals –mesial root -50%
• distal root – 35%
• furcation -11%
• Apical foramen at root apex –mesial root -19%
• distal root - 21%
 Variations and anomalies

C- shaped canals
Fused or single roots
Taurdontism
 Mandibular third molar:

Average length - 18mm

Crown length - 7mm
Root length - 11mm
Anatomically unpridictable ,fused short severly curved or malformed roots.
Pulp chamber:
similar to first and second it is large and shows anamolous
configuration such as Cshaped root canal orifice.
 Conclusion:

Clinicians must have adequate knowledge about root canal morphology

and its variations. The location and morphology of root canals that are to
be treated, before the root canal treatment. Careful examination of
radiographs and the internal anatomy of teeth are essential for the
treatment to be success.
Methods of determining pulpal anatomy Part 2
Variation of pulp space:
Physiologic variation:
1. Age
2. Variation due to developmental causes
3.Variation in size of pulp space
4.Variation in shape of the pulp space
5. Variation in number of canals
6.Variation caused by pulp pathology
7.Variation in Apical third
Summary and conclusion
THANK YOU
 VARIATION / ABBERATION OF PULP SPACES
1. Physiologic variation:
Age

2. Variation due to developmental causes:

Dentinogenesis imperfecta Talons cusp

Dens invaginatus Dentine dysplasia (rootless teeth)
Dens evaginatus Regional odontodysplasia (ghost teeth)
Fusion Palatogingival groove
Gemination Extra root
Concrescence Missing root.
Taurodontism
Dilaceration
Enameloma
3. Variation in size : 5. Variation in number of canals.
Macrodontia
Microdontia
Idiopathic 6. Variation caused by pulp pathology
Internal resorption
External resorption
Pulpal calcifications
4. Variation in shape of the pulp space
1. Apical & Gradual curve
7. Variation in Apical third
2. Sickle shape Open apex
3. ‘C’ shaped Variation in location of apex
4. Bayonet shaped Apical ramification
5. Dilaceration Lateral canal
 Factors effecting the alteration of internal anatomy of the tooth
• Age:
• Irritants:
• Internal resorption
• Calcifications
• Various types include:

• True denticles
• False denticles
• Diffuse denticles

• According to location

-Embedded
-Adherent
-Free
 Clinical significance

RESULTS IN:
• Difficulty in root canal instrumentation during reaming & filing of apical
third.
• Pulp stones can be dislodged during instrumentation and may block the
apex of the tooth.
• Blockage of the apical 3rd of root canal may be attributed mistakenly to the
packing of debris.
• When large denticles are present ,they may interfere with extirpation of the
entire pulp or removal of the coronal portion of pulp.
 APICAL ROOT RESORPTION –

Shallow resorptions of the dentin in the apical portion of the root canal are
normal occurrence.

Resorption of the apex can occur due to several reasons…

Orthodontic treatment
Accident / traumatic injuries
surface resorption
inflammatory resorption
replacement resorption
 Clinical significance
In any event if apical resorption has taken place, the position of the apical
foramen and apical constriction would change accordingly and thus the
working length measurement also..

According to “weine”.

• If no resorption of root end or bone the shorten the length by the

standard 1mm.

• If periapical bone resorption is apparent then shorten by 1.5mm

• If both root and bone resorption are apparent then shorten by

2.0mm.
 variation of root and pulp anatomy

Dens invaginatus
• most common in maxillary lateral incisors
• That results from an infolding of the enamel organ during
proliferation and is an error in morphodifferentiation .
• It often results in an early pulp-oral cavity communication
requiring root canal treatment.
DENS EVAGINATUS
• A variation - dens evaginatus is most common in mandibular
premolars and in individuals with Oriental ancestry (this includes
Native Americans and Hispanics).
• Clinically, dens evaginatus initially appears as a small tubercle
• "bulge" on the occlusal surface, but it may not be obvious
radiographically
• These malformations often contain an extension of the pulp.
• When these fragile tubercles fracture off, the pulp is exposed and will
become necrotic, requiring apexification.
• They are generally not difficult to treat, prophylactically, by removing the
tubercle and capping, then restoring with amalgam."
• LINGUAL GROOVE
• Usually found in maxillary lateral incisors, a lingual groove appears as
a surface infolding of dentin oriented from the cervical toward the
apical direction
• Frequently, this results in a deep narrow periodontal defect that
occasionally communicates with the pulp, causing an endodontic/
periodontal problem .
• Treatment is difficult and unpredictable; prognosis is poor.
Dilaceration:
• By definition, dilaceration is a severe or complex root curvature .
• During root formation, structures such as the cortical bone of the
maxillary sinus or mandibular canal or nasal fossa may deflect the
epithelial diaphragm, resulting in a severe curvature.
• Many of these curvatures are found in a facial-lingual plane and are not
obvious on standard radiographic projections
Measuring the curvature of the roots
 Taurodontism:

• It is characterized by a short tooth and much larger than normal pulp

chamber.
• Taurodontism is probably due to lack of invagination of the epithelial root
sheath during development.
 Fusion and gemination

• Fusion implies a union of enamel or dentine of separate tooth germs

• Gemination, the tooth germ tries to be divided, but this division is
incomplete and results in more-or less completely separated roots and
crowns

• Dentinogesis imperfecta
• Dentinal displasia