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Lecture 13 Data Link Layer Error Detection Methods

The document discusses three error detection methods used at the data link layer: 1) Parity-check codes use an extra bit to detect single-bit errors through syndrome calculation. Simple parity can detect odd errors but not bursts. 2) Cyclic redundancy check (CRC) uses a polynomial division technique to generate a checksum that can detect all single and multiple bit errors. 3) Checksum involves adding data sections using 1's complement, complementing the sum, and sending the checksum with data for the receiver to validate no errors.

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Mahnoor Lab Engr EE
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22 views

Lecture 13 Data Link Layer Error Detection Methods

The document discusses three error detection methods used at the data link layer: 1) Parity-check codes use an extra bit to detect single-bit errors through syndrome calculation. Simple parity can detect odd errors but not bursts. 2) Cyclic redundancy check (CRC) uses a polynomial division technique to generate a checksum that can detect all single and multiple bit errors. 3) Checksum involves adding data sections using 1's complement, complementing the sum, and sending the checksum with data for the receiver to validate no errors.

Uploaded by

Mahnoor Lab Engr EE
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Networks

Data Link Layer

LECTURE 13
DATA LINK LAYER

DATA LINK CONTROL (DLC)


Error Detection Methods
Parity-Check Code
Cyclic Redundancy Check
Checksum
Error Detection
Simple Parity Check

A simple parity-check code is a single-bit error-


detecting code in which n = k + 1.
Example
Let us look at some transmission scenarios. Assume
the sender sends the dataword 1011. The codeword
created from this dataword is 10111, which is sent to
the receiver. We examine five cases:
1. No error occurs; the received codeword is 10111. The
syndrome is 0. The dataword 1011 is created.
2. One single-bit error changes a1 . The received
codeword is 10011. The syndrome is 1. No dataword is
created.
3. One single-bit error changes r0 . The received codeword is
10110. The syndrome is 1. No dataword is created.
Example (contd.)

4. An error changes r0 and a second error changes a3 .


The received codeword is 00110. The syndrome is 0. The
dataword 0011 is created at the receiver. Note that
here the dataword is wrongly created due to the
syndrome value.
5. Three bits—a3, a2, and a1—are changed by errors.
The received codeword is 01011. The syndrome is 1.
The dataword is not created. This shows that the simple
parity check, guaranteed to detect one single error, can
also find any odd number of errors.
Performance

A Simple parity check can detect all single-bit errors.


It can detect burst errors only if the total number of
errors in each data unit is odd.
Cyclic Redundancy Check
•Cyclic Redundancy Check (also called polynomial code)
•Based on modulo-2 binary division
• No carries (because it's modulo-2)
• Subtraction is equivalent to XOR
Division in CRC encoder
Division in the CRC decoder for two cases
Checksum

Example:
IP header

1. The data unit is divided into k sections, each of n bits


2. All sections are added using 1’s complement
3. The sum is complemented
4. The checksum is sent with data
Checksum: Sending

Suppose the following block of 16 bits is to be sent using


a checksum of 8 bits.
10101001 00111001
The numbers are added using one’s complement
10101001
00111001
------------
Sum 11100010
Checksum 00011101 (Take 1’s complement of Sum)
 The pattern sent is 10101001 00111001 00011101
Checksum: Receiving

Now suppose the receiver receives the pattern sent and


there is no error.
10101001 00111001 00011101
When the receiver adds the three sections, it will get all
1s, which, after complementing, is all 0s and shows
that there is no error.
10101001
00111001
00011101
Sum 11111111
Complement 00000000 means that the pattern is
OK.

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