PhD Course work

Computer Applications-IIA

Part 1: Basics of Computers

Brief Talk
 Acknowledgements
1) MSC- IT Book
2) Book on Computer Fundamentals by Rajaraman
3) Web Resources
4) Images from Google.co.in / Google images
 Why Computers?
 Any organization invariably generates large volume of data.
Processing this tends to be very tedious and time consuming

 Similarly the processing must be accurate, timely complete ,

concise and meaningful

 In past only humans were the sources for labor

 As time advances, technology advanced and electromechanical

machines were developed for processing. This lead to Automatic
Data Processing

 Today , its latest version is Computer

 Definition of Computers

Data – Process- Information

 It is an electronic device capable to accept input from user, process

it as per user’s direction, produce result and store the input, program
and the out put.

 Its main aim is to convert raw data in to meaningful information.

 This conversion is called as Processing (EDP)

 Computer Operations
 Receive input data

 Process data

 Produce output information

 Store data, information & instructions

 Use of Computers
 All most in all fields – scientific , manufacturing, visualization ,
banking, educational , medical centers , stores , on line
systems , etc
 Characteristics of Computers
 Speed – Possible because of Electronic Ckt and compact
Distance

 Accuracy – does not mean everything is correct

 Storage

 Repetitive task

 Efficiency does not decrease with age

 Portability

 Cost and capacity

 Versatile
 Limitations of Computers
 Do not think on their own

 Have no intuitions

 Can not detect flaws in the logic

 Every task has to be described in detail

 Do not learn from the experience

 Either solve or give up the task

 Can not directly draw conclusions

 Classification of Computers
 Role of Scale and some examples
 We can have four views
1) Purpose based – analog, digital , hybrid
2) Component based – first , second, third , fourth generations
3) Size based – micro , mini, mainframes , super computers
4) Portability – desktop, laptop, palmtop
 Anatomy of Computer System
 Hardware
– Central Processing Unit / Microprocessor
– Main memory (RAM & ROM)
– Input devices
– Output devices
– Storage devices
 Software- Application and System
 Users
Basic Components

Go for the
Block Dig /
Architecture
 Generation of Computers
 What was the necessity ? Need to see from civilization

 How people started thinking of devices like computers ? Need

to see efforts in past centuries .

 we need to see what happened in last 50- 60 years from the

technology point of view

Essay
 Highlights in Computer History
From the Latin word “computare” means – to sum up

Webster's Dictionary defines "computer" as any

programmable electronic device that can store, retrieve, and
process data

The Old Oxford English dictionary describes a computer

as a person employed to make calculations.

Before the machines, people were hired to do

calculations.

For more info

1. www.tomax7.com/aplus/computers_timeline2.htm
2.www.libai.math.ncu.edu.tw/bcc16/pool/stuff/../computers.page.htm
Highlights in Computer History
 Co-relate slide
sequence with points
in essay

Abacus 3000 BC

The Abacus, a simple counting aid, was most likely

invented in Babylonia.
 the slide rule 1622

 The slide rule is a mechanical precursor of the pocket

calculator. It was invented in England by William Oughtred
and was very commonly used until the 1970s when it was
made outdated for most purposes by electronic calculators.
 The years between 1623 - 1833
1623: Wilhelm Schickard, a professor at the
University of Tubingen, Germany, builds the
first mechanical calculator. It can work with
six digits, and carries digits across columns

 1640: Blaise Pascal invents the first

commercial calculator, a hand
powered adding machine

 1673: Gottfried Leibniz builds a

mechanical calculating machine that
multiplies, divides, adds and subtracts

 1801: a Frenchman, Joseph-Marie

Jacquard builds a loom that weaves
1833: Charles Babbage designs
by reading punched holes stored on the Analytical Machine that follows
small sheets of hardwood. instructions from punched-cards. It is
the first general purpose computer
The 1890 census is tabulated on punch
cards
 1780: American Benjamin Franklin discovers electricity.
 The 1890 census was tabulated on punch cards .
 The system was Developed by Herman Hollerith of MIT, the
system uses electric power(non-mechanical). The new high
technology of the day consisted of wooden cabinetry, electric
dials, and perforated paper cards.
 In 1924 Herman Hollerith’s Computing-Tabulating-Recording
Company changed its name to International Business Machines.
(IBM)
 The years between 1892 - 1928

 1892: William Burroughs patent for an improved

calculating machine with an added printer was the
first practical adding and listing machine.

 1903: Nikola Tesla, a Yugoslavian who worked for

Thomas Edison, patents electrical logic circuits called
gates or switches.

 1928: First public demonstration of television AS a

Russian immigrant, Vladimir Zworykin, invents the
cathode ray tube (CRT).
 ENIAC 1946 -1955

 ENIAC was a product of World War II. The military

needed to develop firing tables for its artillery, so that
gunners in the field could quickly look up which
settings to use with a particular weapon on a particular
target under particular conditions.

 The equations to determine these figures were so

complex; they took days for a human to calculate.
Designed by Dr. John W. Mauchly and Dr. J. Presper
Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer (ENIAC)
Eckert, work completed on the in 1946 at the
University of Pennsylvania Moore School of Electrical
Engineering. The price tag was $486,804.22.
ENIAC
 ENIAC

 It could do 5,000 additions and 360 multiplications per

second In addition to ballistics, the ENIAC's field of
application included weather prediction, atomic-energy
calculations, cosmic-ray studies, thermal ignition,
random-number studies, wind-tunnel design, and other
scientific uses.

 By today's standards for an electronic computer the

ENIAC was a monster.

 Its thirty separate units, plus power supply and

forced-air cooling, weighed over thirty tons. Its
19,000 vacuum tubes, 1,500 relays, and hundreds of
thousands of resistors, capacitors, and inductors
consumed almost 200 kilowatts of electrical power.
 First Generation Computers Draw
Table
1940-1956: Vacuum Tubes
 The computers used vacuum tubes
for circuitry and magnetic drums
for memory. These were often
enormous, taking up entire rooms.

 They were very expensive to

operate and in addition to using a
great deal of electricity, generated
a lot of heat, which was often the
cause of malfunctions.

 First generation computers relied

on machine language to perform
operations, and they could only
solve one problem at a time.

 Input was based on punched cards

and paper tape, and output was
displayed on printouts.
 Years 1946 - 1952

•1946: Term “bit” for binary digit is used for first time by John Tukey.

1947: Three scientists at Bell Telephone

Laboratories, William Shockley, Walter
Brattain, and John Bardeen demonstrate
their new invention. The name
transistor is short for "transfer
resistance”

 1952: IBM introduces the 701 the first

commercially successful computer. It is
a vacuum tube, or first generation,
computer
 Transistor
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic
signals. It is composed of a semiconductor material with at least three
terminals for connection to an external circuit.
UNIVAC 1952
 UNIVAC 1952

 UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) was designed by J.

Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, the men behind the first
electronic computer, the ENIAC.

 It weighed some 16,000 pounds, used 5,000 vacuum tubes,

and could perform about 1,000 calculations per second.

 It was the first American commercial computer, as well as the

first computer designed for business use.

 The first UNIVAC for business applications was installed at the

General Electric Appliance Division, to do payroll, in 1954.
Advertisement for the UNIVAC

1952
 AVIDAC 1953
 AVIDAC began operation in January 1953. Referred to as
an "electronic brain”, it was the first electronic digital
computer developed by Argonne, a US Dept of Energy
Laboratory. AVIADAC ( Argonne version of the Institute
Digital Atomic Computer )was was used in reactor
engineering and theoretical physics research, and was the
first of several landmark computers built by Argonne.
 Second Generation Computers-
1956-1963: Transistors
 Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second
generation of computers. The transistor was invented in 1947 but
did not see widespread use in computers until the late 50s.
 The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing
computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-
efficient and more reliable than their first-generation
predecessors.
 Though the transistor still generated a great deal of heat that
subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast improvement
over the vacuum tube. Second-generation computers still relied
on punched cards for input and printouts for output.

In 1959 IBM shipped its first

transistorized, or second
generation, computers –
The IBM 1401
 Third Generation Computers –
1964-1971: Integrated Circuits
 In 1961, the development of the integrated circuit by
Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor, was the
hallmark of the third generation of computers.
 Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon
chips, called semiconductors, which drastically
increased the speed and efficiency of computers.
 Instead of punched cards and printouts, users
interacted with third generation computers through
keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an
operating system, which allowed the device to run
many different applications at one time.
 Computers for the first time became accessible to a
mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper
than their predecessors.
 Silicon Wafer
A wafer is a thin slice of semiconductor material, such as a silicon crystal,
used in the fabrication of integrated circuits and other microdevices. The wafer
serves as the substrate for microelectronic devices built in and over the wafer
and undergoes many microfabrication process steps such as doping or
ion implantation, etching, deposition of various materials, and photolithographic
patterning. Finally the individual microcircuits are separated (dicing) and
packaged.
Several types of solar cell are also made from such wafers. On a solar wafer a
solar cell (usually square) is made from the entire wafer
 Years 1960 - 1971

 1960: Removable disks first appear

 1963: Douglas Engelbart invents the mouse pointing device for computers

 1964: IBM introduces the System 360 first integrated circuit-based, or third
generation, computer.

•1964: John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz develop the

BASIC programming language at Dartmouth College.
BASIC is an acronym for Beginners All-purpose Symbolic
Instruction Code

•1965: First computer science Ph.D. is granted to Richard L.

Wexelblat at the University of Pennsylvania.

•1969: Bell Labs develops its own operating system, UNIX

•1971: Texas Instruments introduces the first "pocket IBM System 360
calculator.It weighs 2.5 pounds

•1971 - Ray Tomlinson developed the first email application

Mini Computer’s of the 1960’s

 Mini ???

1969: Honeywell releases the

H316 "Kitchen Computer", the
•1965: Digital Equipment first home computer, priced at
Corporation (DEC), $10,600 in the Neiman Marcus
introduces the first catalog.
minicomputer the PDP-8
 Fourth Generation computers –
1971-Present: Microprocessors

 The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of

computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built
onto a single silicon chip.
 What in the first generation filled an entire room could
now fit in the palm of the hand. The Intel 4004 chip,
developed in 1971, located all the components of the
computer on a single chip.
 Years 1973 - 1980
 1973: At the Lakeside prep school in Washington state, Bill Gates
tells a friend "I'm going to make my first million by the time I'm 25.“

 1975: The Altair is hailed as the first "personal" computer. A 12 year

old girl suggests the name "Altair" for the new microcomputer. Altair
was the name of where Star Trek's Enterprise was going that night
on TV.

 1975: Microsoft is founded after Bill Gates and Paul Allen who adapt
and sell BASIC to MIT for the Altair

 1977: Apple Computer is founded and introduces

the Apple II personal computer

 1980: Total computers in use in the U.S. exceed

one million units

Bill Gates
 Osborne I – the first “laptop”

 1981: Adam Osborne completed the first portable

computer, which weighed 24 pounds and cost $1,795. The
price made the machine especially attractive, as it included
software worth about $1,500. The machine featured a 5-
inch display, 64 kilobytes of memory, a modem, and two 5
1/4-inch floppy disk drives.
 Years 1983 - 1991

 1983: Total computers in use in the U.S. exceed ten

million units

 1984: Apple introduces the Macintosh computer

 1985: Microsoft Windows 1.0 ships

 1985: Aldus introduces PageMaker for the Macintosh and

starts the desktop publishing era.

 1991: Notebook PCs are introduced by most PC vendors

 TODAY

CD / DVD
Flat Screens

PDA

MP3 players

U S B connectivity

Electronic Tablets scanner

TOMORROW …???
 THANK YOU

End of Part 1