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    Nuclear & Particle Physics-I: Lecture-1 General Properties of Nuclei

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    Alagh Dinesh
    The document discusses the key properties of nuclear forces. It begins by defining the nucleus and noting its extremely small size compared to an atom. It then discusses evidence from Rutherford's gold foil experiment that revealed the nucleus. The main properties of nuclear forces discussed are that they are: 1) Strong, being 1038 times stronger than gravity; 2) Attractive, as seen by protons being bound together in the nucleus despite their repulsion; 3) Short range, acting only within the nucleus; 4) Charge independent and charge symmetric; 5) Spin dependent; 6) Have a saturation property seen in binding energy; 7) Are tensor in nature due to nucleon spin interactions; and 8) Are non-central depending on angular

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    Nuclear & Particle Physics-I: Lecture-1 General Properties of Nuclei

    Uploaded by

    Alagh Dinesh
    26 views16 pages
    The document discusses the key properties of nuclear forces. It begins by defining the nucleus and noting its extremely small size compared to an atom. It then discusses evidence from Rutherford's gold foil experiment that revealed the nucleus. The main properties of nuclear forces discussed are that they are: 1) Strong, being 1038 times stronger than gravity; 2) Attractive, as seen by protons being bound together in the nucleus despite their repulsion; 3) Short range, acting only within the nucleus; 4) Charge independent and charge symmetric; 5) Spin dependent; 6) Have a saturation property seen in binding energy; 7) Are tensor in nature due to nucleon spin interactions; and 8) Are non-central depending on angular

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    Nuclear Physics Lecture

    Original Title

    NUCLEAR & PARTICLE 1

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    The document discusses the key properties of nuclear forces. It begins by defining the nucleus and noting its extremely small size compared to an atom. It then discusses evidence from Rutherford's gold foil experiment that revealed the nucleus. The main properties of nuclear forces discussed are that they are: 1) Strong, being 1038 times stronger than gravity; 2) Attractive, as seen by protons being bound together in the nucleus despite their repulsion; 3) Short range, acting only within the nucleus; 4) Charge independent and charge symmetric; 5) Spin dependent; 6) Have a saturation property seen in binding energy; 7) Are tensor in nature due to nucleon spin interactions; and 8) Are non-central depending on angular

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    26 views16 pages

    Nuclear & Particle Physics-I: Lecture-1 General Properties of Nuclei

    Uploaded by

    Alagh Dinesh
    The document discusses the key properties of nuclear forces. It begins by defining the nucleus and noting its extremely small size compared to an atom. It then discusses evidence from Rutherford's gold foil experiment that revealed the nucleus. The main properties of nuclear forces discussed are that they are: 1) Strong, being 1038 times stronger than gravity; 2) Attractive, as seen by protons being bound together in the nucleus despite their repulsion; 3) Short range, acting only within the nucleus; 4) Charge independent and charge symmetric; 5) Spin dependent; 6) Have a saturation property seen in binding energy; 7) Are tensor in nature due to nucleon spin interactions; and 8) Are non-central depending on angular

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 16

    NUCLEAR & PARTICLE

    PHYSICS-I
    Lecture-1
    GENERAL PROPERTIES OF NUCLEI
    Syllabus
    Cont……..
    What is size of nucleus & how it discover?
    What is Nucleus?
    As size of an atom of
    the order of 10-10 m(Ao)
    & Size of nucleus of the
    order of 10-15m (fm)
    Nucleus is highly dense

    part of an atom whose


    constituents are protons
    and neutrons that are
    known as nucleons.
    Rutherford Gold Foil Experiment

    How neutrons and protons bound inside the nucleus?


    Ans. The forces which hold it together are called
    nuclear forces
    What are the properties of Nuclear Forces?

     Strong Forces
     Attractive Nature
     Short Range
     Charge Independent
     Charge Symmetric
     Spin Dependent
     Saturation Property
     Tensor Nature
     Non Central
    Strong Forces (Evidences)
     As the energy required to remove an electron from
    an atom is in ev (I.E), But energy required to
    remove nucleons from nucleus is in Mev
     Hence Nucleons bound very strongly which
    confirm the strongest nature of Nuclear Forces.
     Their magnitude 1038 times more than gravitational
    forces and 100 time more than electrostatic forces.
    Attractive Nature(Evidences)
     As all the nucleons inside the nucleus
    hence n-n , p-p , n-p forces also here.
     ??? As proton-proton repel each other

    due to same charge but are inside the


    nucleus it means they are in bound
    state hence it confirm the attractive
    nature of nuclear forces.
    Short Range (Evidences)
     Nuclear forces are very short
    range forces i.e the operate
    on a very small distance,
    outside the nucleus they
    diminished very rapidly.
    From the graph it is clear that
    when distance between the
    nucleon is 0.5 fm nucleons
    repel each other. So nuclear
    forces are attractive but also
    have repulsive component at
    substantially shorter distance.
    Charge Independence & Charge
    Symmetry( Evidences)

     Experimentally from the study of mirror nuclides,


    we find the nuclear forces between n-n, n-p, p-p is
    same hence it confirms the charge independence
    nature of nuclear forces
     It is an attractive force with………. repulsive core.
    The nucleon-nucleon force is the same irrespective
    of whether the nucleons are protons or neutrons
    which confirm the charge symmetry nature.
    Spin Dependent(Evidences)
     The nuclear force of attraction between two
    nucleons having parallel spin is stronger than the
    force between two nucleons having anti- parallel
    spin. Example: Nuclear force is strongest in triplet
    state than in singlet state which confirms the spin
    dependent nature of nuclear forces.
    Saturation Property ( Evidences)
     This property has been
    deduced from the fact
    that binding energy per
    nucleon becomes
    almost constant (A>40)
    and does not grow with
    the growth of nuclear
    dimension which
    confirms the nuclear
    forces saturates.
    Tensor Nature(Evidences)
     The nuclear forces
    having tensor nature
    which confirms from
    interaction between
    the nuclear spins and
    angular momentum of
    nucleons leading to
    the deformation from Tensor is the generalization of vector,
    represented by an array of component that
    a simple spherical are the functions of coordinates of space.
    shape.
    Non-Central Nature( Evidences)
     Nuclear forces depends on an angle which confirms
    the non-central nature as non-central forces means
    that they make an angle with the line joining the
    interacting particles.
    NEXT LECTURE: Quantitative facts about
    Nuclear size, mass & density

    THANK YOU

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