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The Muscular System

The muscular system consists of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles that allow movement, maintain posture, and circulate blood. The nervous system controls muscle contraction through neuromuscular junctions where motor neurons release acetylcholine, which triggers a chemical reaction in the muscle cell and the release of calcium, causing muscle fibers to contract. Repeated muscle fiber contraction leads to full muscle contraction and movement.

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28 views

The Muscular System

The muscular system consists of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles that allow movement, maintain posture, and circulate blood. The nervous system controls muscle contraction through neuromuscular junctions where motor neurons release acetylcholine, which triggers a chemical reaction in the muscle cell and the release of calcium, causing muscle fibers to contract. Repeated muscle fiber contraction leads to full muscle contraction and movement.

Uploaded by

FAtma HAnys
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Muscular system

The Muscular system

 The muscular system is an organ system consisting


of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles.
 It permits movement of the body, maintains posture, and
circulates blood throughout the body.
 The muscular system in vertebrates is controlled through
the nervous system, although some muscles (such as
the cardiac muscle) can be completely autonomous.
 Together with the skeletal system it forms
the musculoskeletal system, which is responsible for
movement of the human body.
Nervous System Controls Muscle Contraction

• Neuromuscular juntions are the focal point where a motor


neuron attaches to a muscle.
• Acetylcholine, (a neurotransmitter used in skeletal muscle
contraction) is released from the axon terminal of the
nerve cell when an action potential reaches the
microscopic junction, called a synapse.
• A group of chemical messengers cross the synapse and
stimulate the formation of electrical changes, which are
produced in the muscle cell when the acetylcholine binds
to receptors on its surface.
Neuromuscular
Nervous System Controls Muscle Contraction

• Calcium is released from its storage area in the cell's


sarcoplasmic reticulum.
• An impulse from a nerve cell causes calcium release
and brings about a single, short muscle
contraction called a muscle twitch.
• If there is a problem at the neuromuscular junction, a
very prolonged contraction may occur, tetanus. Also,
a loss of function at the junction can
produce paralysis.
Transmission of Nerve Impulse
Muscle Contraction Mechanism
Muscle Contraction Mechanism

• A motor neuron releases acetylcholine into the gap


between neuron and muscle fibre.
• The acetylcholine combines with reseptors on the
surface of the muscle fibre.
• This results in depolarization (an electrical change) of
the plasma membrane and initiation of an action
potential, an electric current that spreads over the
plasma membrane.
• The action potential spreads through the T tubules
and stimulates calcium release into the cytoplasm.
Muscle Contraction Mechanism
• Calcium initiates a process that uncovers the binding
sites of the actin filaments.
• Myosin splits ATP. Myosin heads attach to the binding
sites of the actin filaments.
• As the cross bridges flex and reattach to new binding
sites, the filaments are pulled past one another and
the muscle shorten. A new ATP must bind to the
myosin head before the cross bridge can detach itself
from the actin and begin a new cycle. The process is
repeated .

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