SATURATED

HYDROCARBON
At the end of the discussion, the
students are expected to:

• Define hydrocarbon·        
• Describe and give examples of
saturated hydrocarbons·
• Identify the properties and reaction of
saturated hydrocarbon.
 What is Hydrocarbon?
• the simplest class of organic compounds.
• Compounds made up of Hydrogen and Carbon only.
• naturally-occurring compounds and form the basis
of crude oil, natural gas, coal, and other important
energy sources.
• Hydrocarbons are highly combustible and produce
carbon dioxide, water, and heat when they are
burned. Therefore, hydrocarbons are highly effective
as a source of fuel.
 Saturated Hydrocarbon
• contain only single bonds between carbon
atoms.
• are given the general name of alkanes. The
name of specific alkanes always end in –ane.
 Aliphatic Hydrocarbon
• Aliphatic (from Greek aleiphar, “fat”) described
hydrocarbons derived by chemical degradation
of fats or oils.
• Constituted a group of related substances obtained
by chemical degradation of certain pleasant-smelling
plant extracts.
• The terms aliphatic and aromatic are retained in
modern terminology, but the compounds they
describe are distinguished on the basis of structure
rather than origin.
 Aliphatic Hydrocarbon
• are divided into three main groups according
to the types of bonds they contain: Alkanes,
Alkenes, and Alkynes.
 ALKANES
• hydrocarbons in which all the bonds are single,
have molecular formulas that satisfy the general
expression CnH2n + 2 (where n is an integer). Carbon
is sp3 hybridized (three electron pairs are involved
in bonding, forming a tetrahedral complex), and
each C—C and C—H bond is a sigma (σ) bond. In
order of increasing number of carbon atoms, 
methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), and propane (C3H8)
are the first three members of the series.
 ALKANES
General Formula is Cn+H2n+2
• Where n=number of carbon atom in 1
molecule of alkane.
• Example:
1. Methane has 1 carbon atom.
C1H2(1)+2 = CH4
 ALKANES
2. Ethane has 2 carbon atoms.
• Formula is Cn+H2n+2
C2H2(2)+2 = C2H6

3. Prophane has 3 carbon atoms.

Formula is Cn+H2n+2
C3H2(3)+2 = C3H8
ALKANES
 ALKANES
• can be subdivided into the following three
groups: the  straight-chain alkanes, branched
alkanes, and cycloalkanes. It is also saturated
hydrocarbons.
• The distinguishing feature of an alkane,
making it distinct from other compounds that
also exclusively contain carbon and hydrogen,
is its lack of unsaturation.
SHAPES of ALKANES
 SHAPES of ALKANES
• In straight-chain molecules, all the carbon
atoms are lined up in a row like cars of a train.
They form what is called the backbone of the
molecule.
• In branched-chain molecules, at least one of
the carbon atoms branches off to the side from
the backbone.
• In cyclic molecules, the chain of carbon atoms
is joined at the two ends to form a ring.
 Nomenclature
Nomenclature in organic chemistry is of two
types: common and systematic.
• COMMON - originate in many different ways
but share the feature that there is no necessary
connection between name and structure.
• SYSTEMATIC - are keyed directly to molecular
structure according to a generally agreed upon
set of rules.
Naming (IUPAC of Nomenclature)
STEM Number of Carbon Atoms
methane 1
ethane 2
propane 3
butane 4
pentane 5
hexane 6
heptane 7
octane 8
nonane 9
decane 10
 Naming of Alkanes
• Identify the longest continuous chain.
• The locations or other groups of atoms attached
to the longest chain are identified and numbered
by counting from the end of the molecule which
keeps the numbering system as low as possible.
• Hydrocarbon groups that are attached to the
longest continuous chain and named using the
parent name and changing the –ane suffix to – .
 Example

butane
hexane
2-methylpropane
cyclohexane
ethane
2,3-dimethylbutane
Let’s Try This!
The name of every organic molecule has 3
parts:
1.The parent name indicates the number of
carbons in the longest continuous chain.
2.The suffix indicates what functional group is
present.
3.The prefix tells us the identity, location, and
number of substituents attached to the
carbon chain.
 Alkanes - Nomenclature
• Parent – Longest straight carbon chain
 ALKANES - Nomenclature
• Suffix – Our first functional group is alkane, so the suffix is –ane
– For later functional groups we will drop the –ane root suffix for
others
• Prefix – Our substituents will be branches in the alkane
structure
– A branch is another alkane minus one hydrogen – an
alkyl group
Example – if CH3- is a branch on a longer chain:
– CH3- is CH4 minus 1 hydrogen
– Since it is a side chain it will replace the –ane
suffix with –yl
• CH3- is a methyl group
• We can also abbreviate this group as Me-
ALKANES - Nomenclature
• Also note that if there are two chains of equal length,
pick the chain with more substituents. In the
following example, two different chains in the same
alkane have seven C atoms. We circle the longest
continuous chain as shown in the diagram on the left,
since this results in the greater number of
substituents.
 Rules in Naming Alkanes
• Identify the longest carbon chain. This chain is called the
parent chain.
• Identify all of the substituents (groups appending from the
parent chain).
• Number the carbons of the parent chain from the end that
gives the substituents the lowest numbers. When
compairing a series of numbers, the series that is the
"lowest" is the one which contains the lowest number at
the occasion of the first difference. If two or more side
chains are in equivalent positions, assign the lowest
number to the one which will come first in the name.
• If the same substituent occurs more than once, the location of
each point on which the substituent occurs is given. In addition,
the number of times the substituent group occurs is indicated
by a prefix (di, tri, tetra, etc.).
• If there are two or more different substituents they are listed in
alphabetical order using the base name (ignore the prefixes).
The only prefix which is used when putting the substituents in
alphabetical order is iso as in isopropyl or isobutyl. The prefixes
sec- and tert- are not used in determining alphabetical order
except when compared with each other.
• If chains of equal length are competing for selection as the
parent chain, then the choice goes in series to:
a) the chain which has the greatest number of side chains.
b) the chain whose substituents have the lowest-
numbers.
c) the chain having the greatest number of carbon atoms
in the smaller side chain.
d)the chain having the least branched side chains.
• A cyclic (ring) hydrocarbon is designated by the
prefix cyclo- which appears directly in front of the base
name.
 Properties of Alkanes
• Alkanes are not very reactive when compared
with other chemical species.
• To make alkanes react, the input of additional
energy is needed; either through heat or
radiation.
• Gasoline is a mixture of the alkanes and unlike
many chemicals, can be stored for long periods
and transported without problem. It is only
when ignited that it has enough energy to
continue reacting.
 Some Properties of Alkanes
Alkanes with 1-4 carbon atoms are:
• methane ethane propane and butane
• gases at room temperature
• used as heating fuels.
Alkanes with 5-8 carbon atoms are:
• liquids at room temperature
• pentane, hexane, heptanes, and octane.
• Very volatile
• Used to make gasoline.
Alkanes with 9-17 carbon atoms are:
• Liquids at room temperature
• Have higher boiling points
• Are found in kerosene, diesel and jet fuels.
Alkanes with 18 or more carbon atoms are:
• Have high molar masses.
• Are waxy solids at room temperature
• Used in waxy coatings of fruits and vegetables.
 Reactions of Alkanes
• Alkanes react only very poorly with ionic or other polar
substances.
• However redox reactions of alkanes, in particular with
oxygen and the halogens, are possible as the carbon
atoms are in a strongly reduced condition; in the case of
methane, the lowest possible oxidation state for carbon
(−4) is reached. Reaction with oxygen leads to combustion
without any smoke; with halogens, substitution. In
addition, alkanes have been shown to interact with, and
bind to, certain transition metal complexes.
 Combustion

• About 21 percent of the air is oxygen. When a

fuel burns in plenty of air, it receives enough
oxygen for complete combustion.
• The combination of alkanes with oxygen
generating heat is known as combustion.
• In general, for complete combustion:
hydrocarbon + oxygen → carbon dioxide +
water
• Example: Here are the equations for the
complete combustion of propane, used in
bottled gas:
• propane + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
• C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O
 Balancing Combustion Reactions

• Take pentane:
C5H12 + O2 -> CO2 + H2O
• Step 1 balance carbon: you see 5 carbons on
the left so you know it will produce 5 CO2.
C5H12 + O2 -> 5 CO2 + H2O
• Step 2 balance hydrogen: you see 12
hydrogens on the left so you know it will
produce 6 H2O.
C5H12 + O2 -> 5 CO2 + 6 H2O
• Step 3 balance oxygen: you see 10+6 or 16 oxygens
on the right so you know it will require 8 O2.
C5H12 + 8 O2 -> 5 CO2 + 6 H2O
Your steps are:
1) balance carbon
2) balance hydrogen
3) balance oxygen
4) Multiply by 2 if you have a fraction.
• The hydrocarbons become harder to ignite as
the molecules get bigger.
• Bigger molecules have greater Van der Waals
attractions which makes it more difficult for
them to break away from their neighbors and
turn to a gas.
• Provided the combustion is complete, all the
hydrocarbons will burn with a blue flame.
However, combustion tends to be less
complete as the number of carbon atoms in
the molecules rises.
 Summary
• Hydrocarbons are compounds that contain
only hydrogen and carbon. They are the
simplest type of carbon-based compounds.
• Saturated hydrocarbon contain only single
bonds between carbon atoms. They are also
called alkanes. They may form straight-chain,
branched-chain, or cyclic molecules.
Compounds with the same number of atoms
but different shapes are called Isomers.
• Saturated hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons that
contain only single bonds between carbon
atoms. As a result, each carbon atom is
bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as
possible.
• Saturated hydrocarbons are given the general
name of alkanes. The name of specific alkanes
always ends in –ane and has a prefix to
indicate how many carbon atoms it has.
Molecular Formula
• General Formula of Alkanes – CnH2n +
2 (where n is an integer).
• THREE GROUPS of ALKANES
- Straight chain
- Branched chain
- Cyclic chain
 QUIZ 
1. What is Hydrocarbon?
2. What are the Three types of Aliphatic
Hydrocarbon?
3. General Formula of Alkanes.
4. Give at least 2-3 molecular formula of alkanes.
5. Give the three groups of Alkanes.
Thankyou and
Godbless. 
By:
Candor, Marvin K.
Noble, Annalouse D.
 For more Information!
• https://www.youtube,com/watch?v=QzDli
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RppVQcn
NgCM&feature=share
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Reference:
• https://www.ck12.org/c/physical-science/satu
rated-hydrocarbon/lesson/Saturated-Hydrocar
bons-MS-PS/
• https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-physical-sci
ence-for-middle-school/section/9.2/
• https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Orga
nic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Orga
nic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Nomenclature_of_Alk
anes
• https://www.investopedia.com/terms/h/hydr
ocarbon.asp#:~:text=A%20hydrocarbon%20is
%20an%20organic,and%20other%20importan