SHAPING TECHNIQUES

Shalini Maria
II year PG
 CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Objectives
• Shaping Techniques
 Apex first : Standardised
Step-back
Modified step-back
 Coronal first : Crown down
Pressureless crown down
Double flare
Balanced force
 Hybrid
• Conclusion
• References
 INTRODUCTION
• In the latter part of the nineteenth and the first
part of the twentieth century, endodontics was
referred to as root canal therapy or pathodontia.
• Dr. Harry B. Johnston, of Atlanta, Georgia, a
well-known lecturer and clinician in the early
twentieth century coined the term endodontics
from the Greek word ‘‘en,’’ meaning in or
within, and ‘‘odous,’’ meaning tooth:
“The process of working within the tooth”
Ingle's 6th edition
 Three major elements determine the
predictability of successful endodontics:

Knowledge
Skill
Desire

EarlierNow
the first
we understand
concern in root
thatcanal
the secret
preparation
to was
successful clinical
“ Working
endodontics
Length” is proper
“Shaping”
Cohen’s 6th edition
Shaping - The development of a suitable shape in each
root canal to facilitate disinfection, irrigation and
placement of a permanent three-dimensional filling.

• Inadequate shaping causes inadequate obturation.

• Cleaning is a combined chemical and mechanical

process, while shaping is purely a mechanical one.
• Herbert Schilder taught Endodontics to think and
operate in the third dimension

Cohen's 6th edition

 The shape should be a
continuously tapering funnel
SCHIDLER’S from the apex to the access
OBJECTIVES cavity.
Cross-sectional diameters should
be narrower at every point
apically
The root canal preparation
should flow with the shape of the
original canal.
The apical foramen should remain
in its original position.

The apical opening should be

kept as small as practical.
Ingle's 6th edition
 • Continuously tapering
conical form allows hydraulic
principles to operate by the
restricted flow principle.
• As flow is restricted during
the compaction procedures ,
it causes the GP & sealer to
take the path of least
resistance ; namely the apical
and lateral foramina.
Canals narrower apically , with the
narrowest cross - sectional diameter at
its terminus, this objective creates
control and compaction at every level of
the preparation
Cohen’s 6th edition
 • Make the preparation in
multiple planes. Root
canals within curved roots
are similarly curved, this
objective preserves this
natural curve or flow

Keep the apical foramen as small as is

practical. The final foramen size will vary
, depending on the canal. This can be
achieved by carefully maintaining
patency to the radiographic apex

Cohen's 6th edition

 Never transport the foramen.
• Delicate foramina can be lost during root canal
preparation by improper sequencing of instruments,
not enough tactile finesse/delicacy.

Tear
drop/Tearing of
apical foramen
Externally
Direct
(ledge /apical
Transportation blockage)
Clogged with
Internally dentin
mud/denticles
Cohen's 6th edition
 Procedures
should be
confined to the
roots
themselves.
Necrotic
All tissues
should be BIOLOGICAL debris should
not be forced
removed from OBJECTIVES beyond the
the root canal
foramina
space.
Sufficient space
for intracanal
medicaments and
irrigation should
be created.
Ingle's 6th edition
 TECHNIQUES
•Conventional
Apex First •Step back
(Apical → Coronal) •Passive step back

Combi
nation
techni
•Step down que
•Crown down pressureless
Coronal •Double flared
First •Modified double flared
•Balanced force
(Coronal → Apical) •Hybrid
 SUMMARY OF PREPARATION TECHNIQUES
IN HAND AND ROTARY INSTRUMENTS
REFERENCE YEAR TECHNIQUE
Ingle 1961 Standardized instrumentation
Clem, Weine 1969–1974 Step-back, serial preparation
Schilder
Abou-Rass 1980 Anticurvature filing
Marshall 1980 Crown-down pressureless
Goerig 1982 Step-down
Fava 1983/1992 Double flare, with modifications
Roane 1985 Balanced force
Torabinejad 1994 Passive step back
Siqueira 2002 Alternate rotary motion

Ingle's 6th edition

 Standardised technique
• Ingle
• Same working length for all instruments
• Single-length technique
• A single matching guttapercha point is
used for root canal filling.

DISADVANTAGES
•Canals end up wider than the instrument size
• Production quality is insufficient, both for instruments
and for gutta-percha cones, leading to size variations
Ingle's 6th edition
 Step back technique
Clem and Weine step-back technique
Subsequently, Schilder suggested a ‘‘serial preparation’’
that included enlarging to a file size #30 or #35 and then
telescopic
serially reducing WL for the following instruments
technique
 Coffae and Brilliant, described a serial procedure that
entailed the use of a #35 file to WL, stepwise reduction of
WL for subsequent
Stepwise reduction files
of WLupfor
to larger
size #60, and then the use of
files, typically in 1-GG drills Nos.
or 0.5-mm 2 and 3
steps

Ingle's 6th edition

 Mullaney described the step-back technique as
particularly effective in fine canals.
He divided the step-back preparation into two phases.
• Phase I : the apical preparation starting at the apical
constriction.
• Phase II : the preparation of the remainder of the canal,
gradually stepping back while increasing the instrument
size.
Refining Phase II a and II b : to produce the continuing
taper from the apex to the cervical

Ingle's 6th edition

 Passive Step-Back Technique
• Torabinejad.
• It involves the insertion of progressively larger hand
instruments as deep as they can be passively placed.
• Subsequently, Gates-Glidden drills are used for
additional coronal enlargement followed by apical
instrumentation using the step-back technique.
 Crown down technique
••Patency
Goerig etof al
the canal is first established with a size 8
or 10 K-file.
• The concept of first instrumenting the coronal third
•This procedure involves the preparation of the
of the root canal before apical shaping.
coronal two-thirds of the canal using H - files of size
#15, #20, and #25 to a working length depth where
the file starts binding. (approx 16-18mm)
•This is followed by flaring the coronal segment of the
canal with the help of Gates-Glidden drills Nos. 2 and 3
and sometimes No. 4 with each drill being used
sequentially shorter.
•Care should be taken in directing the Gates drills away
from the furcation to avoid strip perforation.
Ingle's 6th edition
•The next phase involves apical instrumentation with a
small size 10 or 15 K-file followed by working length
determination.
•A large file (ISO K-file size 60) is then placed in the
canal to the level of binding and the canal is
instrumented using a watch winding motion until
resistance is encountered.
•The process is repeated with sequentially smaller
files until the working length is reached.
–Recapitulation with a size 10 or 15 file in between
each change of instrument with appropriate irrigants
is necessary to ensure that the canal does not get
clogged by the dentin debris being created.
Ingle's 6th edition
•The apical portion of the canal is now enlarged to the
appropriate master apical file size which would vary from
canal to canal and from tooth to tooth.
•The final canal taper is accomplished by the master
apical file used in a circumferential filing motion

Ingle's 6th edition

 Crown-Down Pressureless Technique
• Marshall and Pappin.
• Early coronal flaring with Gates-Glidden drills is
followed by an incremental removal of dentin from
coronal to apical direction, and hence called “crown-
down” technique.
• Straight K-files are then used in a large to small
sequence with a reaming motion and no apical
pressure—hence called “pressureless” technique
 Double-Flare Technique
• Fava
• Coronal to apical shaping with K files up to the
working length
• Step back with K-files of ascending sizes.

Modified technique:
Flex-R files are used in place of K- files
Advocated for curved canals
 Double-flared technique

Introduce larger file about 14mm coronal File with no. 30, 1mm
WL determined portion of the canal deeper than size 35

File with size 10 to 1mm deeper Prepare the canal with size 25 Prepare apical portion of canal
than size 15 (now at WL) at full WL by step back preparation.
• Shovelton has shown that bacterial invasion does
not occur in all areas of the root canal, but "there is a
marked tendency for bacteria to appear in smaller
numbers in the root canal itself as the apical foramen
was approached.
• In a number of teeth the canal was seen to contain
many organisms at higher levels
• Hession postulates that the early flaring of canal
walls would lessen the potential for a positive
apically directed hydrostatic pressure by the
establishment of an adequate coronal escape way.

JOE 1983
• INDICATIONS:
 Straight root canals
 In the straight portions of curved canals of mature
teeth

• CONTRAINDICATIONS:
 Calcified canals
 Young permanent teeth
 Teeth with an open apex because they have thin
dentinal walls and great pulp volume.
 Balanced Force Technique
• Roane and Sabala
• Technique which employs a new K-type file design
known as Flex-R file (Moyco Union broach) or
Flexofile (Dentsply Maillefer) or any flexible
triangular file with a modified noncutting tip
Positioning and preloading
an instrument through
clockwise rotation and then
shaping the canal with
counterclockwise rotation.

The coronal third of the

canal is prepared using the
“crown-down technique”

Ingle's 6th edition

• After pressureless insertion of a Flex-R or a Flexofile,
the instrument is rotated clockwise, 90°, using only
light apical pressure.
• The instrument is then rotated counterclockwise,
180°–270°, and sufficient apical pressure is used to
keep the file at the same insertion depth during this
step.
• In this step, dentinal shavings are removed with a
characteristic clicking sound.
• After two or three cycles, the file loaded with
dentinal shavings is removed from the canal with a
prolonged clockwise rotation. This action loads the
debris into the flutes
•Sequential files are used in a crown-down fashion
before preparing the apical third to the appropriate
master apical file size.

•Roane firmly believed in enlarging the apical area to

sizes larger than generally practiced.

•A minimum enlargement of size 45, 1.5 mm short of

the apical foramen in curved canals, is recommended
and size 80 in single-rooted teeth, carrying the
preparation through to “full length” of the radiographic
apex of the root.

•The balanced force technique has shown to reduce

canal transportation and ledging.
Advantages of Crown-Down Techniques:
• Shaping of the canal is subjectively easier than the step-
back technique.

• The removal of coronal obstructions allows removal of

the bulk of tissue, debris, and microorganisms before
apical shaping.

• This technique minimizes the extrusion of debris through

the apical foramen, thereby preventing postoperative
discomfort.
• It allows better access and control over the apical
enlarging instrument, thus decreasing the incidence
of zipping.

• It allows better penetration of the irrigants.

• Working length is less likely to change while

employing this technique
 Hybrid technique
• Refers to a combination of step-down
instrumentation followed by a step-back
technique.
 Advantages of Hybrid Technique:

• Ability to shape the canal predictably with a

combination of hand and rotary stainless steel
instruments.
• Optimizes the advantages of crown-down and step-
back techniques
 ROTARY FILES
The first rotary system which developed is
Profile system

•Rotary shaping instruments are introduced into the

canal only after the confirmation of straight-line
access and the canal been scouted by a small hand
instruments.
Passive Instruments
 Profile
 GT files
 Light speed

Active Instruments
 RaCE
 Hero642
 K3
 Flex master
 protaper
 PROFILE 29 SERIES:
Developed by Tulsa Dental in 1994.
Range of instruments
There are 3 instruments – different length

Profile orifice shapers:

- 5 to 8% taper.
- Available in no. 1-6 (20-80).
- Length 19mm
Used to prepare coronary section of canal, removing gutta-percha and
sealer before inserting a root post.
The Profile 0.5 also can be used for the root canal treatment of deciduous
teeth. The handle has 3 rings.
 
 0.06 profile taper:
-Taper 6%.
- Available in no. 15-40.
Length: 21mm-25mm.
  These files used to prepare middle section of canal. The
handle has 2 coloured rings.

0.04 profile:
Taper 4%, No. 15-90.
It is available in length 25, 21 and 31mm.
The handle of 0.04 profile carries single coloured ring.
Technique
Advantage of Profile 29 Series:
-Canal centering and maintain canal curvature
-Less instrumentation time
-Gives good coronal flare to the preparation
-Less transportation and ledging
-Less debris extrusion (Hinrich et al)
-Gives 3D effect for preparation.
Profile Greater Taper Rotary Instrument (GT Rotary):
Designed by Steve Buchanan.

Larger spacing of the flutes at

the shank – good flexibility and
cutting efficiency.
 Range of instruments
GT Rotary files:
4 files in this group (length 21 & 25mm).
The handle has 2 colored rings.
Available in different taper(12%, 10%, 8%, 6%).
Used in preparation of coronal third of the canal.
 GT rotary files :

-4% taper, #20-35 (21,25 & 31 mm length)

-Only one ring on their handle – mainly used to prepare the
terminal part of the root canal.
GT Accessory files:

-12% taper #35,50, and 70 (21 & 25mm length)

-3 grooves on their handle
-For refining of coronal preparation
Operational sequence
Crown down:
By using GT rotary files
Profile GT 0.12 taper, #20 – take to resistance
Profile GT 0.10 taper, #20
Profile GT 0.08 taper, #20
Profile GT 0.06 taper, #20
Determination of W.L
Apical preparation
Profile 0.04 taper, #20
Profile 0.04 taper, #25
Profile 0.04 taper, #30
Profile 0.04 taper, #35
Final refining by GT accessory files
 HERO-642 Rotary System:
Introduced by Daryl Green – manufactured by Micromega instrument
Co,.
Range of instruments:
Available in 3 tapers.
2% taper # 20-45 (21,25, 29mm length)
4% taper #20-30 (21,25, 29mm length)
6% taper # 20-30 (21, 25mm length)
Technique:
FOR EASY CANALS:
Quantec Rotary System:
-Positive rake angle with
active cutting action.

Range of instruments

Set of 8 instruments available in different taper.

0.12 taper
0.10 taper
0.08 taper
0.06 taper #15-40 17, 21, 25mm length
0.05 taper
0.04 taper
0.03 taper
0.02 taper
 Technique:
Straight line access and check for patency.
Determination of W.L.
Establishment of glide path.
Use instrument with 0.12 taper advance till encounter resistance.
Follow the sequence till 0.03 taper.
Apical preparation with 0.02 taper file from #15-40 to full W.L.
 Pro-taper rotary system:

Developed by Clifford Ruddle, Jhon

West ,Pierr Machtou.
Progressive taper: 3.5% to 19%
 Range of instrument:
Shaping files (3 files) SX, S1, S2
Finishing files (3 files) F1, F2, F3
SX or auxillary shaping files
Highest increase in taper from
D0 to D9 (3.5% to 19%)

Shaping file 1 or S1 (purple ring)

Shaping file 2 or S2 (white ring)

Finishing files
--F1 (#20 Yellow ring, 7% taper from D1 to D3)
--F2 (#25 Red ring, 8% taper from D1 to D3)
--F3 (#30 Blue ring, 9% taper from D1 to D3)
Straight line axis S1-file SX-file Determination of WL

S2 file – full WL. F1file – full WL. Gauging of apical F2 file – full WL.

foramina (K file – 20)

 Advantages:
-High cutting efficiency.
-Fewer instruments to complete the preparation.
-Less debris in apical region.
-File stress is minimized.
-Less transportation and gouging.
-Increased tactile sense.
Disadvantages:
-Canal transportation
-Difficult to use in curved canals
-Cutting efficiency decreases with
use
 Light speed rotary system:
Range of instrument:
Set of ISO sized rotary files no.20-140, in length 21, 25, 31mm.

Half size instruments 22.5, 27.5, 32.5,57.5 and 65

(half sizes are color coded exactly as the

previous size, but also have white or black markings or engraved rings
on handles.)
 Technique: Zurich light speed technique:
Initial apical rotary (IAR).
Master apical rotary (MAR).
Final rotary (FR).
Steps:
1)Proper access and coronal flare
2) Determination of W.L and IAR: Non-binding instruments.
3) Determine MAR: All light speed instruments used after IAR are called binding instruments.
These instruments are used in controlled forward and backward movement (3-4mm) it is called
pecking movement.
This forward movement reams the canal and backward motion tends to clean the head.
MAR may be 6 to 12 Light Speed instruments larger than the IAR
 Step back and recapitulation:
Light speed instruments are stepped back after selecting the MAR.

The step-back is 1mm from previous instrument.

The last step back instrument is termed as the FR.

Finally all canals are recapitulated with respective to their MAR and

irrigation should be done.

 Hybrid / light speed & taper technique
Coronal third of the canal prepared by using tapered instrument.
Apical portion of the canal cleaned by using light speed instrument.
Advantages:
-Larger apical preparation
-No or little transportation (Glossen et al, JOE 1995)
-More flexible
Disadvantage - Time consuming
 K3 Endo
Designed by Dr. John McSpadden (2002)

Range of instrument:
Body shapers:
0.08, 0.10 and 0.12 taper with tip size 25 (17, 21
& 25 length).
Apical preparation files :
0.02 taper file, #15-40 (21, 25, 30mm length)
0.04 taper file Tip size #15-60 (21, 25, 30mm
0.06 taper file length)
 Technique:
- Straight line access and locate the canal orifices
- Patency of the canal checked hand K-file
- 0.12 taper body shaper to resistance (3-4mm down the canal)
- 0.10 taper body shaper to resistance.

- 0.08 body shapers to resistance

Recapitulation and irrigation can be done to clear the debris from coronal and middle third of canal.
Before rotary instrumentation in apical area it is important to
explore with hand instruments (K-file ) the working length is

confirmed .
Once the true working length is established the K3-rotary files
are introduced in a canal in a crown down fashion.
It can be done by two ways:
a) With sequence (from larger tip size to smaller with fixed
taper).
b) With varying taper (mixing the taper as tip size diminishes).
 WITH SEQUENCE:
Start apical instrumentation 0.06 #35 or larger to #15 until full WL
(in narrow canal use 0.04 taper)

VARIABLE TAPER SEQUENCE:

0.06 K3 # 40 to resistance
0.04 K3 # 35 to resistance
0.06 K3 # 30 to resistance
0.04 K3 # 25 to resistance
0.06 K3 # 20 to resistance
0.04 K3 # 25 to WL
0.06 K3 # 25 to WL
 Combination of K3 & light speed technique:
Here shaping of coronal and middle third of canal done by using K3 rotary
system. The apical shaping can be done using light speed instruments.

Advantages:
-Excellent cutting ability.
-Robust sense of tactile control.
-Excellent fracture resistance.
-More flexible.
Less screwing effect in the canal (variable flute pitch).
-They can be use easily in posterior teeth.
 Endosequence
Range of instrument :
Available in 0.04 and 0.06 taper.

Expeditor file (0.04 taper, # 27, 21mm length)

0.06 taper file small,medium and large
0.04 taper file sizes.
Small (no.15-30)
Medium (25-40)
Large (35-50)
Speed: Portable hand piece with speed 450-650 rpm.
 Technique
Straight line access and establishment
of patency.
Create a glide path. Determination of WL .

Use endosequence expeditory rotary

file until significant resistant.

Then the next size file should be chosen

by information gained by,
-Preoperative radiograph.
-Resistance of # 10 hand file.
-Depth of penetration of expeditor.
 If E-file is goes down half away -canal is small.
If E-file goes more than half away - canal is medium.
If E-file is loose - canal is large

According to the size determined by the E-file choose

appropriate file and use in crown down fashion
(#30, 25, 20, 15 for a small canal).
RACE
Range of instrument:
Available in different tapers with ISO color coding
0.02 taper (#15-40)
0.04 taper (#25-35)
0.06 taper (#25-40)
0.08 taper (#35-40)
0.10 taper (#35-40)

These instrument available in two kits

12mm handle.
15mm handle.
Technique:
 Advantages:

-Less work torque

-No screw-in effect
-More debris removal
-Reduce risk of metal fatigue
-Improved resistance to instrument fracture
Optimum control
 Liberator:
Range of instrument:
Available in 3 different taper.
-0.02 taper (#25-70).
-0.04 taper (#30-70).
-0.06 taper (#35-80).
Available in 21, 25, & 31mm length.
 Technique:
Straight line access.
Establishment of gliding path.
Select the liberator file according to root diameter.

For small root diameter:

#70 liberator & slowly advance to a depth of 5mm short of WL.

#60, 4mm short of WL.
#55, 3mm short of WL.
#50, 2mm short of WL.
#45, 1mm short of WL.
#35, 0.5mm short of WL.
#25, to full WL.
 Medium sized root diameter
No. 70 liberator, 2mm short of WL
No. 60 liberator, 1mm short of WL
No. 45 liberator, 0.5mm short of WL
No. 30 liberator, to full WL

Large root diameter

No. 80 liberator, 1mm short of WL
No. 55 liberator, 0.5mm short of foramen
No. 35 liberator to full WL
Range of Instruments:
3 file system:
0.10 taper, tip diameter 30
0.08 taper, tip diameter 25
0.06 taper, tip diameter 20
 Technique:
Glide path: #10 V-hand files.
# 10 (V.02)  #10 (V.04)  (V.06)
Determination of working length.
Coronal shaping:
#25 (V.08)  #30 (V0.10) to the point of resistance.
Apical shaping:
#30 (V.10)  #25 (V.08)  #20 (V.06) to the point of resistance.

Final shaping:
#30 (V.10) to W.L. for large canals.
#25 (V.08) to W.L. for medium canals.
#20 (V.06) to W.L. for small canals.
 Navi-flex rotary system:

Range of instruments:
0.08 taper #45, 60
0.06 taper #35, 25
0.04 taper # 15 - 55
 Technique:
Establishment of straight line access and patency.
Navi-flex 0.08/60 till significant resistant
Navi-flex 0.08/45
Navi-flex 0.06/35
Navi-flex 0.06/25
Determination of working length
Use Navi-flex 0.04/45 to 0.04/25 in a crown down fashion.
Sequence repeated until 0.04/25 file reaches to full WL.
Irrigate and recapitulate.
 Multistep technique
• The protocol calls for a mixed technique and may
also encompass a hybrid technique.

• The mixed technique consists of the use of

endodontic instruments both in stainless steel and
nickel titanium, and both manual and mechanical
types (rotating, reciprocating, or mixed).

• There are six shaping protocol steps

JCDP 2017
 Scouting
SS files (15 size, 0.02 taper) Working length

Preflaring
To eliminate the interferences & coronal
Rotary -
conditioning, to allow direct access to the third of the
NiTi
apical third before the canal curve root canal

Glide path management

Rotary -
Glide path Working length
NiTi
 Shaping
Rotary/Reciprocating Multi/Single file
Working length
- NiTi (25 size, 0.06 taper)

Gauging
Manual
To verify the diameter
–NiTi Size 25 onwards (0.02 taper)
of apical preparation
files

Finishing
Rotary -
Size 30 upwards Working length
NiTi Ingle's 6th edition
• CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE :
The multistep technique is a root canal instrumentation
technique, which is based on standardized, but
flexible, clinical protocol, which is found to be
effective, safe, and predictable.

JCDP 2017
 Ultrasonics

• The first use of ultrasonics in endodontics was

Results of studies concerning preparation quality of
reported by Richman.
ultrasonic devices in their majority , report on
• Inunsatisfying
1976 Howard Martin
results, developed
namely a device
frequent forand
zipping
preparation and cleaning of root canals and named
straightening.
this technique as ‘endosonics’.
Good shaping ability of ultrasonic systems and Several
reports have presented pictures of longitudinal grooves
in the root dentine following the use of ultrasonically
activated files
 Lasers
• The first use of lasers in endodontics has been
reported by Weichman & Johnson.
• Some concern has arisen over the side effects of
lasers such as thermal damage to dental hard tissues
resulting in cracks or injury to the surrounding soft
tissues such as ankylosis, cemental lysis and bone
remodelling . Moreover, the shaping ability of lasers
in curved root canals seems to be questionable.
• In conclusion, lasers are recommended by some
authors for disinfection but at present are not suited
for the preparation of root canal systems
 NIT
• NIT – Non Instrumental Technique
• Lussi et al

The technique uses a vacuum pump and an electrically

driven piston, generating alternating pressure and
bubbles in the irrigation solution, inside the root canal.
This is expected to enhance the ability of sodium
hypochlorite to dissolve organic pulp tissue.
Following the cleansing procedure, the root canal may be
obturated by the vacuum pump with a sealer
 InRoot canals surface
conclusion, as the
following cleansing with
NIT system is presently
the
not Non-Instrumental
marketed and long-
term observations
Technique are
missing, it cannot not
of Lussi demonstrating
insufficient cleaning
be regarded asability
an
withalternative
lots of remaining
to
debris and tissue
mechanical root canal
instrumentation.

Studies from the Lussi group demonstrated an equal

or even better cleanliness compared with hand
instrumentation in root canals of extracted teeth
 Conclusion
• In recent years, endodontics was characterized by
continuous technological development, which,
however, apparently changed the rules of the game,
because both endodontic anatomy and the objectives
for reaching endodontic success are the same as
always.
• Technology has undoubtedly affected the efficacy and
efficiency of endodontic therapy, reducing operating
times and improving the predictability of treatments
carried out by general dentists.
• However, the axioms of endodontic shaping remain
unchanged and are still valid today.
• To become disentangled from this wide-ranging
commodity-related offering, it is necessary to be
clear about a well-defined clinical protocol, which
through knowledge, skill development and
experience can be flexible.
 REFERENCES
• Ingle's Endodontics 6th edition
• Cohen’s Pathways of the Pulp 6th edition
• Grossman Endodntic Practice 12th and 13th edition
• Endodontics: Principles and practice 4th edition
• The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice,
September 2017; Shaping of the Root Canal System: A
Multistep Technique.
• Hulsmann, M., Peters, O. A., & Dummer, P. M. H.
(2005). Mechanical preparation of root canals: shaping
goals, techniques and means. Endodontic Topics.
• KINEMATICS

Ingle's 6th edition