Fading - Small Scale Fading and Multipath

Fading –Small scale fading
and Multipath
Small scale fading/Fading
• Caused by interference between two or more versions of the transmitted signal
which arrive at the receiver
• Delayed signals are due to reflections, scattering from terrain features or objects
such as people, vehicles
• temporary event and more frequent as opposed to large scale pathloss
Effects of fading:
Rapid fluctuations of amplitudes, phases, or multipath delays of radio signal over a
short period of time or travel distances
Random frequency modulation due to varying Doppler shifts on different multipath
signals
Time dispersion(echoes) caused by multipath propagation delays
Fading
• At receiver radio waves generated from same transmitted signal may
come from
 from different directions
With different propagation delays
With different amplitudes
With different phases
With different angles of arrival
Factors influencing small-scale fading:
• Multipath propagation
• Speed of the mobile
• Speed of the surrounding object
• The transmission bandwidth of the signal
Multipath propagation:
• Due to the presence of reflecting objects and scatterers in the channel
Speed of the mobile:
• The relative motion between the BS and mobile results in random frequency
modulation
• Random FM is due to different Doppler shits on each of multipath components
• Doppler shift will be positive or negative
Speed of surrounding object:
• If Objects in the radio channel moving, they induce time varying Doppler shift on
MP components
• Dominates only if the objects move at a rate greater than the speed of the mobile
Transmission BW of the signal
• If the transmitted radio signal BW is greater than the BW of the multipath
channel Distorted radio signal
Doppler Shift
• When a wave source (Tx) and/or a Receiver(Rx) is/are moving, the frequency
of the received signal will not be the same as that of the transmitted signal
• When they are moving towards each other, the frequency of the received
signal is higher than that of the source
Doppler shift is positive
Apparent received frequency is increased
• when they are opposing each other, the frequency decreases(when the
mobile is moving away from the direction of arrival of the wave)
 Doppler shift is negative
 Apparent received frequency is decreased)
Doppler Shift •• Consider

Mobile moving at a constant speed V
Length of the path segment d
Remote source S
• The difference in the path lengths travelled
by the wave from source S to the mobile at
points X and Y is
time required for the mobile to move from

x to Y
assumed to be same at points X and Y, since
the source S is assumed to be very far away
Doppler Shift
• The phase difference in the received signal due to the difference in
path lengths is therefore,
---- (1)
• The apparent change in frequency, or Doppler shift, is given , where
---- (2)
Eqn.2 relates the Doppler shift to

 The mobile velocity
 Spatial angle between the direction of motion of mobile and the
direction of arrival of the wave
Modeling of wireless systems
x(t) Wireless y(t)
Input signal channel h(t) output signal
•
Develop a model for h(t) in order to find the relation between x(t)
and y(t)
• Each multipath is characterized by two aspects
Delay due to propagation
Attenuation due to scattering
• Let us say there are L paths,
• path of wireless environment is characterized by
Delay
Attenuation
• Response of a system that delays the signal by is modelled as,
)
• System that attenuates signal by and delays signal by can be given as,
)
• Suppose we have L multipath components
0-------, ---------- )
1-------, ---------- )
L-1-------, ---------- )
• Multipath channel response h(t)=sum of individual responses
)+ )+………. )
Where is the impulse response of the channel

Transmitted Signal
pass band transmitted signal

complex baseband signal which is up-converted to carrier frequency
• When this signal is transmitted across multipath communication
channel, we have different multipath components
• Passband signal corresponding to path is given by,
Similarly for path,
Similarly for path

•Received
passband signal
=
=
Sum of attenuated, delayed baseband signal which is Complex received

baseband signal
Complex
Complex baseband received signal
phase factor

Fading - Small Scale Fading and Multipath

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Fading –Small scale fading

time required for the mobile to move from

Eqn.2 relates the Doppler shift to

Where is the impulse response of the channel

pass band transmitted signal

Similarly for path,

Similarly for path

Sum of attenuated, delayed baseband signal which is Complex received

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