Chapter 10

Hoods
Hoo and
Fans
Hoods
What Hoods do
Fugitive Emissions
• Escape capture by process equipment
exhaust hoods
• Are emitted during material transfer
• Are emitted to the atmosphere from the source
area
• Are emitted directly from process equipment
Fugitive emissions = Total emissions – Emissions captured by hood
 100  η 
Stack emissions  Emissions captured by hood x  
 100 
Example 10-1
Calculate the fugitive emissions and the stack
emissions if the process equipment generates
100 lbm/hr of particulate matter, the hood
capture efficiency is 95%, and the collection
efficiency of the air pollution control device is
95%.
Solution
calculate the fugitive emissions:

lb
100 m lb
 95 m lb
5 m
hr hr hr
And then…
Calculate the stack emissions:

Stack emissions 
 100  η 
Emissions captured by hood x  
 100 

 lb m  100  95  lb m
  95    4.75
 hr  100  hr
Example 10-2
Calculate the fugitive emissions and the stack
emissions if the process equipment generates
100 lbm/hr of particulate matter, the hood
capture efficiency is 90%, and the collection
efficiency of the air pollution control device is
95%.
Solution
calculate the fugitive emissions:

lb
100 m lb
 90 m lb
 10 m
hr hr hr
And then…
Calculate the stack emissions:

Stack emissions 
 100  η 
Emissions captured by hood x  
 100 

 lb  100  95  lb
  90 m
   4.5 m
 hr  100  hr
Slight changes in the ability of the hood to capture the pollutants
can have a large impact on the total fugitive and stack emissions
released into the atmosphere.
Can’t Always see them…

If there are many small fugitive sites

If there is one major site that cannot
be seen
If the matter is not in the size range
that causes light scattering
Hood Operating Principles

Operate under negative pressure

Hood must be close to emission
source.
Capture Velocity: the air velocity at
any point in front of the hood that will
overcome opposing air currents and
capture contaminated air.
Capture Velocities Considerations
•The surrounding air currents
Minimal room air currents vs. disturbing room
air currents
•The level of toxicity of the pollutant to be
captured
Nuisance value only vs. high toxicity
•The amount of pollutant
Intermittent (low production) vs. high
production (heavy use)
•Area of the hood opening
Large hood (large air mass in motion) vs. small
hood (local control only)
Capture Velocities

Capture Velocity
Type of Material Release
(ft/min)
With no velocity into quiet air 50-100
At low velocity into moderately still air 100-200
Active generation into zone of rapid air
200-500
motion
With high velocity into zone of very
500-2,000
rapid air motion
Example 10-3
The recommended capture velocity for a certain
pollutant entering a 16-inch diameter hood is
300 ft/min.
What is the required volumetric flow rate for the
following distances from the hood face (X)?

A. X = 12 in. (75% of hood diameter)

B. X = 24 in. (150% of hood diameter)

Q  v h (10X  A h ) 2
Example 10-3
The recommended capture velocity for a certain
pollutant entering a 16-inch diameter hood is
300 ft/min.
What is the required volumetric flow rate for the
following distances from the hood face (X)?

A. X = 12 in. (75% of hood diameter)

B. X = 24 in. (150% of hood diameter)

Q  v h (10X  A h ) 2
Solution for a: A. X = 12 in (75% of hood diameter)

Calculate the area of the hood opening:

2
  1ft 
2
π 16in  
πD   12in 
Ah    1.40ft 2

4 4
Calculate the volumetric flow rate, Q, required
obtaining the recommended capture velocity of
300 fpm at a distance of 12 inches from the hood:
Solution for a: A. X = 12 in (75% of hood diameter)

Ah = 1.40 ft2 and X = 12 inches

Q  v h (10X  A h ) 2

 300 ft
min
101ft 
2

 1.40ft  3,420 ft
2 3

min

The required volumetric flow rate for 300fpm

at a distance of 12 inches is 3,420 ft3/min
Solution for b: B. X = 24 in (150% of hood diameter)

The hood opening remains the same:

2
  1ft 
2
π 16in  
πD   12in 
Ah    1.40ft 2

4 4

Calculate the volumetric flow rate, Q, required

obtaining the recommended capture velocity of
300 fpm at a distance of 24 inches from the hood:
Solution for B: B. X = 24 in (150% of hood diameter)

Ah = 1.40 ft2 and X = 24 inches

Q  v h (10X  A h ) 2

 300 ft
min
10 2ft 
2

 1.40ft  3,420 ft
2 3

min

The volumetric flow rate requirements

increased approximately 4 times when the X
was doubled
Hood Designs for Improved
Performance
Considerations for hot gas streams
Use of Flanges
Use of Side Baffles
Other Designs
Added Side Baffles
Push Pull Hoods
+ good for use in open tanks and
where access from the top is
necessary.
- Where cross drafts could increase
quantities vaporized.
Monitoring Hood Capture
Effectiveness
SPh = VPd + he

where
SPh = hood static pressure
VPd = velocity pressure in duct
he = hood entry loss
he = FhVPd
Fh = hood entry loss coefficient (dimensionless)
Duct shape affects airflow
Plain duct end
Vena contracta: where he = 0.93
air converges when it
enters a duct

Bell-mouth duct end

Flanged duct end
he = 0.04
he = 0.49

After the vena contract the airflow expands to fill the duct
Velocity Pressure
2
 vd 
VPd  ρ g  
 1,096.7 
where
VPd = duct velocity pressure (in WC)
vd = duct gas velocity (ft/min)
g = gas density (lbm/ft3)

• As gas flow rate increases the static pressure increases

• A decrease in static pressure indicates the gas flow rate
has decreased from previous levels.
Example 10-4
A hood serving a paint dipping operation has a
hood static pressure of 1.10 in WC. The
baseline hood static pressure was 1.70 in WC.
Estimate the gas flow rate under the following
two conditions:

A. At present operating conditions

B. At baseline levels

Use the data provided below:

•Fh = 0.93
•Temperature = 68°F
•Duct diameter 2 ft (inside diameter)
Example 10-4 solution
Calculate the velocity pressure in the duct:

SPh  (1  Fh )VPd
SPh 1.10 in WC
VPd    0.57 in WC
1  Fh 1  0.93

Fh = 0.93
Temperature = 68°F
Duct diameter 2 ft (inside diameter)
Example 10-4 solution
Calculate the gas velocity in the duct:
2
 vd 
VPd  ρ g  
 1,096.7 
VPd 0.57 in WC
v d  1,096.7  1,096.7  3,029.5 ft
ρg lb m min
0.0747 3
ft

Fh = 0.93
Temperature = 68°F
Duct diameter 2 ft (inside diameter)
Example 10-4 solution
Calculate the gas flow rate:
 πD 2 
Q  v d A d  v d  
 4 

 π(2ft) 2
 3
 3,029.5 ft  9,515.5 ft
min  4  min
 
Fh = 0.93
Temperature = 68°F
Duct diameter 2 ft (inside diameter)

The gas flow rate at present operating conditions is 9,515.5 ft3/min

Example 10-4
A hood serving a paint dipping operation has a
hood static pressure of 1.10 in WC. The
baseline hood static pressure was 1.70 in WC.
Estimate the gas flow rate under the following
two conditions:

A. At present operating conditions

B. At baseline levels

Use the data provided below:

•Fh = 0.93
•Temperature = 68°F
•Duct diameter 2 ft (inside diameter)
Example 10-4 solution (part b)
Calculate the velocity pressure in the duct:

SPh  (1  Fh )VPd
SPh 1.70 in WC
VPd    0.88 in WC
1  Fh 1  0.93

Fh = 0.93
Temperature = 68°F
Duct diameter 2 ft (inside diameter)
Example 10-4 solution
Calculate the gas velocity in the duct:

2
 vd 
VPd  p g  
 1,096.7 
VPd 0.88 in WC
v d  1,096.7  1,096.7  3,764.2 ft
pg lb min
0.0747 m
ft 3

Fh = 0.93
Temperature = 68°F
Duct diameter 2 ft (inside diameter)
Example 10-4 solution
Calculate the gas flow rate:

 πD 2  ft  π(2ft) 2
 ft 3
Q  v d A d  v d    3,764.2    11,819.9
min min
 4   4 

Fh = 0.93
Temperature = 68°F
Duct diameter 2 ft (inside diameter)

The decrease in WC from 1.7 in to 1.1 indicates a drop in the gas

flow rate from 11,820 to 9.518 acfm. That’s a 20% decrease.
Transport Velocities

Contaminant Transport Velocity (ft/min)

Vapors, gasses, smoke Any (usually 1000-2000)
Fumes 1400-2000
Very fine, light dust 2000-2500
Dry dust and powders 2500-3500
Average industrial dust 3500-4000
Heavy dusts 4000-4500
Heavy or moist 4500 and up
Calculating Duct Diameter

A duct system transporting a dry dust requires a

minimum transport velocity of 2,800 ft/min. The
volumetric flow rate for the system is 978 acfm.
What is the necessary duct diameter in inches for
this section of ductwork to maintain the minimum
transport velocity?
Solution
Calculate the Duct Area:
3
Q 978 ft
Ad   min  0.349ft 2

v d 2,800 ft
min
2
Calculate the Duct Diameter: πD
Ad 
4
2
4A d 4(0.349ft )
D   0.667ft  8in
π π
Fans
Types of Fans

Axial
Centrifugal
Special
Fan Components

Direct Drive
Belt Drive
Variable Drive
Centrifugal Fan Wheels

Forward curved
Radial
Backward curved
Standard blade
Airfoil blade
Has 24-64 shallow blades
Efficiency less than backward inclined
Operates at lowest speed
Has 6-10 blades
Efficiency less than backward inclined
Operates at low speed
Has 9-16 blades
Efficiency only slightly less than airfoil
Operates at high speed
 Backward Curved – but with Airfoil blade

Has 9-16 blades

Most efficiency
Operates at highest speed
Centrifugal Fans
Centrifugal Fan Operating
Principles
Fan Law #1:
the relationship of speed to gas flow rate

 RPM 2 
Q 2  Q1  
 RPM 1 
Where
Q1 =baseline gas flow rate (acfm)
Q2 = present gas flow rate (acfm)
RPM1 = baseline fan wheel rotational speed (revolutions per minute)
RPM2 = present fan wheel rotational speed (revolutions per minute)
Centrifugal Fan Operating
Principles
Fan Laws:
Static pressure at the outlet is always
higher than the SP at the inlet

Fan SP = Spout – Spin – VPin

Centrifugal Fan Operating
Principles
Fan Law #2:
Fan SP is related to the square of the fan
speed
2
 RPM 2 
Fan SP2  Fan SP1  
 RPM 1 
Where
Fan SP1 = baseline fan static pressure (in WC)
Fan SP2 = present fan static pressure (in WC)
RPM1 = baseline fan wheel rotational speed (revolutions per minute)
RPM2 = present fan wheel rotational speed (revolutions per minute)
Centrifugal Fan Operating
Principles
Fan Law #3:
The brake horsepower is also related to the
cube of the fan speed
3
 RPM 2 
BHP2  BHP1  
 RPM1 
Where
BHP1 = baseline brake horsepower
BHP2 = present brake horsepower
RPM1 = baseline fan wheel rotational speed (revolutions per minute)
RPM2 = present fan wheel rotational speed (revolutions per minute)
System Characteristic Curve
Multi-Rating Table (sample)

Figure 10-15. Portion of a typical multi-rating table (reprinted courtesy of The New York Blower Company)
Operating Point
Fan Curve
Changes in the System Resistance
Curve
Changes in the Fan Speed
Brake Horsepower Curve
Evaluating the Entire Industrial Process
Why evaluate the whole process?

•Changes in the process equipment can have a major

impact on the efficiency of the control device.
•Changes in the air pollution control device can affect the
ability of the process hoods to capture the pollutants at the
point of generation.
•The operating data from one unit in the system can be
valuable in evaluating the operating conditions in another
unit in the system.
•Hoods and fans can influence the efficiency of the air
pollution control equipment and the release of fugitive
emissions from the process equipment.
Flowcharts
How are Flowcharts Useful?

•Evaluating process operating changes that are affecting

control device performance
•Identifying instruments that are not working properly
•Identifying health and safety problems
•Communicating effectively
Flowchart Symbols
Codes for Utility Streams

-compressed -high pressure

Cal HS
calibration gas stream
CA -compressed air IA -instrument air
CD -condensate LS -low pressure steam
-city (or plant) fresh
CW Oil -No. 2 or No. 6 oil
water
Gas -natural gas
Major Equipment & Emission Point
Symbols
Minor Components of Systems
Fabric Filters Wet Scrubbers
Bypass dampers Pumps

Relief dampers Nozzles

Outlet dampers Manual valves

Reverse air fans Automatic valves

Carbon Adsorbers and Oxidizers
Indirect heat exchangers

Fans
Minor Component Symbols
Instruments
Instrument Codes

A Motor current pH Liquid or slurry pH

CEM Continuous emission p Static pressure drop
monitor
Den Density SP Gas static pressure
F Flow SSP Stack sampling port
L Liquid level T Temperature
LEL Lower explosive limit V Vacuum gauge
MP Measurement port VOC Low concentration
VOC monitor
Op Opacity W Weight
P Gas or liquid pressure
Materials of Construction

CS Carbon Steel RL Rubber lined

FR Fiberglass reinforced SS Stainless steel
P plastic
N Nickel alloy W Wood
D
Diagrams
How diagrams help

1.Determine whether or not the operating

data is consistent and logical.
2.Compare current data against site-
specific baseline data.
3.Determine specific areas that may need
emphasis during the inspection.
4.Determine potential health and safety
problems that may be encountered
during the inspection.
Examples 10-8 and 10-9

Please review in your text

Flowcharts Summary
• Identify changes in control device
performance due to process changes
• Identify instruments that are not
consistent with other similar instruments
in the system
• Communicate effectively with other
personnel
• Avoid potential health and safety hazards