Background: Anton Van Leeuwenhoek of Holland Is Known As The Father of Microscopy Simple Microscopes Using Only 1 Lens

Background

Anton van Leeuwenhoek of Holland is known
as the father of microscopy

Simple microscopes using

only 1 lens.
https://discoveries-project.weebly.com/anton-van-leeuwenhoek.html

credit for the earliest working model of the
microscope can be given to the Dutch father
and son duo, Zacharias Jansen and his son
Hans.

First Compound microscopy
http://theojanssen.ca/documents/Janssen/Zacharias%20Janssen/Zacharias_Janssen.html
Microscopy significancy in Microbiology

In general, microscopy is used in microbiology for two

basic purposes

1) the initial detection of microbes

2) the preliminary or definitive identification of microbes

Characteristic morphologic properties can be used for
the preliminary identification of most bacteria and are
used for the definitive identification of many fungi and
parasites
...
Box 4-1 (Medical Microbiology: Murray et.al, 7th Edition)

The light microscopy use light rays to illuminate objects. e.g. Dissection
microscopes and compound microscopes.

Compound microscope is most commonly used microscope.

Some compound microscopes make use of natural light, whereas
others have an illuminator attached to the base.
Anatomy of the Microscope
...Continued

Eyepiece: The lens the viewer looks through to see the specimen.
The eyepiece usually contains a 10X or 15X power lens.

Diopter Adjustment: Useful as a means to change focus on one
eyepiece so as to correct for any difference in vision between
your two eyes.

Body Tube: It is the part of the microscope that holds the
eyepiece.

Arm: The arm connects the body tube to the base of the
microscope.
...

Coarse adjustment: Brings the specimen into general focus.

Fine adjustment: Fine tunes the focus and increases the detail of the
specimen.

Nosepiece: A rotating turret that houses the objective lenses. The
viewer spins the nosepiece to select different objective lenses.

Objective lenses: One of the most important parts of a compound
microscope, as they are the lenses closest to the specimen.

A standard microscope has three, four, or five objective lenses that
range in power from 4X to 100X. When focusing the microscope, be
careful that the objective lens doesn’t touch the slide, as it could break
the slide and destroy the specimen.

Specimen or slide: The specimen is the object being examined.
Most specimens are mounted on slides, flat rectangles of thin glass.

The specimen is placed on the glass and a cover slip is placed over
the specimen. This allows the slide to be easily inserted or removed
from the microscope. It also allows the specimen to be labeled,
transported, and stored without damage.

Stage: The flat platform where the slide is placed.

Stage clips: Metal clips that hold the slide in place.

Stage height adjustment (Stage Control): These knobs move the
stage left and right or up and down.

Aperture: The hole in the middle of the stage that allows
light from the illuminator to reach the specimen.

On/off switch: This switch on the base of the microscope
turns the illuminator off and on.

Illumination: The light source for a microscope. Older
microscopes used mirrors to reflect light from an external
source up through the bottom of the stage; however, most
microscopes now use a low-voltage bulb.

Iris diaphragm: Adjusts the amount of light that reaches the
specimen.

Condenser: Gathers and focuses light from the illuminator
onto the specimen being viewed.

Base: The base supports the microscope and it’s where
illuminator is located.
How It Works
...continued

Use lenses to make small objects appear larger

Compound light microscope: Two lenses separated
by a tube

Lenses magnify an object by bending the light that
passes through the lens

Magnification: ability to make things appear larger
than they are

Resolution: fineness of detail that can be seen in an
image
How to Calculate Magnification

Magnification of eyepiece X
magnification of objective lens

If eyepiece is 10 x and objective lens is
4x, then what is the total magnification?

10x X 4x = 40X
Microscope Safety

Always use 2 hands to carry a microscope; one
on the arm and one hand supporting the base

Only use lens tissue to clean lenses

When focusing, always look to the side to watch
and
make sure the objective lens doesn’t hit the slide

Always use the lowest power (shortest) objective
lens for bringing specimen into focus
...

Bring specimen into focus by first using
coarse
adjustment, then use fine adjustment

Never use a microscope with a frayed cord

Because we have running water in our lab
area, NEVER turn on the water when
using a microscope
How to Prepare a Slide

Place slide on a flat surface.

Place a drop of water on the slide. Add the specimen to the drop of
water (at times, you may want to have the specimen already on the
slide before adding the water).

Hold the coverslip by its sides and lay its bottom edge on the slide
close to the specimen. Holding the coverslip at a 45° angle helps.

Slowly lower the coverslip so that it spreads the water out. If you
get air bubbles (looking like little black doughnuts), gently press on
the coverslip to move them to the edge. If there are dry areas under
the coverslip, add a little more water at the edge of the coverslip.
Too much water can be dabbed off with a piece of paper towel
Fig 8. Hepatocyte: Basic Histology Text & Atlas (Janqueira’s et.al, 2012, 14th Edition)
References

You and the Natural World: Integrated Science by Lilia
G.Vengco and Teresita F. Religioso.Phoenix Publishing
House, Inc.

Discover Science by Allas, et. al.Diwa Learning Systems
Inc.

http://www.freeclubweb.com/powerpoints/science/index.ht
ml

Basic Histology Text & Atlas (Janqueira et.al, 12th Edition,
2012)

Medical Microbiology (Murray et at, 7th Edition, 2012)

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Box 4-1 (Medical Microbiology: Murray et.al, 7th Edition)

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