LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS BY

GAUSS-SEIDEL METHOD
MINI PROJECT
SUBMITTED BY
ALANKAR ARYA
06EE06
 INTRODUCTION
The power flow study is an important tool involving numerical analysis applied
to a power system. Power system analysed in normal steady-state operation.
 Power flow problem formulation

• Power flow study gives voltage angle and magnitude information for each
bus in a power system for specified load and generator real power and
voltage conditions.

• With above information, real and reactive power flow on each branch as
well as generator reactive power output can be analytically determined.

• Due to the nonlinear nature of this problem, numerical methods are

employed to obtain a solution that is within an acceptable tolerance.

• The solution to the power flow problem begins with identifying the known
and unknown variables in the system. The known and unknown variables
are dependent on the type of bus.
 TYPE OF BUS

TYPE OF BUS |V| φ P Q

PQ BUS UNKNOWN UNKOWN KNOWN KNOWN

PV BUS KNOWN UNKOWN KNOWN UNKOWN

SLACK BUS KNOWN KNOWN UNKOWN UNKOWN

• In a system with N buses and R generators, there are then 2(N − 1)−(R −1) unknowns.

• In order to solve for the 2(N − 1) − (R − 1) unknowns, there must be 2 (N − 1 ) − ( R − 1)  equations.

• The possible equations to use are power balance equations, which can be written for real and reactive

power for each bus.

 POWER EQUATIONS
• The real power balance equation is:

Pi is the net power injected at bus i.

 Gik  is the real part of the element in the Ybus matrix.
Bik is the imaginary part of the element in the Ybus matrix.
 θik is the difference in voltage angle between the ith and kth buses.  

• The reactive power balance equation is:  

 
 
 Qi is the net reactive power injected at bus i.
 
• Equations included are the real and reactive power balance equations for each Load Bus and
the real power balance equation for each Generator Bus.

• Only the real power balance equation is written for a Generator Bus because the net reactive
power injected is not assumed to be known and therefore including the reactive power
balance equation would result in an additional unknown variable. 

• For similar reasons, there are no equations written for the Slack Bus.
 Gauss-Seidel Method for power flow analysis
•  . a set of simultaneous non-linear equations.
The Gauss-Seidel method of solving iteratively
This is one of many techniques for solving the nonlinear load flow problem.

• This solution technique is straightforward to use and easy to understand

• It has a tendency to use a lot of computation, particularly in working large problems.

• It is also quite capable of converging on incorrect solutions.

• Gauss–Seidel can be used to get a good feel for load flow problems without excessive
numerical analysis baggage.
 Algorithm for Gauss-Seidel Method
Start

Read System Data GO TO MATLAB

Form bus admittance matrix Ybus

Assume initial values for bus voltages V 0p p = 1,2,3….n ; p ≠s; slack bus voltage specified

Set iteration count to k = 1

Set bus count to p = 1

P = p +1
Is p =s

Test for PQ or PV bus

Compute Qcal

Is Qcalp> Qmaxp Is Qcalp< Qminp

Compute Vk+1 p
Set Qcalp= Qmaxp Set Qcalp= Qminp
Replace Qspp= Qcalp Adjust Vk+1 p

Compute Vk+1 p

Replace Vkp by Vk+1p

stop
Advance bus
Is p >=n
count P = p +1
Print

Test for Compute the slack bus power

Advance bus
convergence Max| and all line powers
count P = p +1
Vp(k+1) – Vp(k) | < Cv
 REFERENCES

• M. Pai; Computer Techniques in Power System Analysis.

• John J. Grainger, William D. Stevenson, Jr.; Power System Analysis.

• www.wikipedia.com
• Assume that all buses are of the P-Q type except the slack bus. There is no iteration defined for the
equation corresponding to the slack bus as its voltage is known.

• Bus admittance matrix Ybus is calculated initially, then for;

 
• Current at bus say ‘p’ is given by:
 

• By rearrangement of terms Vp is now expressed as;

• Iteration for Gauss-Seidel method are defined as

BACK
• At a PV bus the computions are different since reactive power Q is not specified at such a bus. The voltage
magnitude must be held at the value , because of equipment limitations Q p can vary between Qmaxp and
Qminp, At the PV bus Qspp is replaced by Qcalp

• Where Qcalp = Im(Vp ) , latest available value of the voltages are used. With this value of Q calp ,Vk+1p is
computed.

• Since the voltage at the bus must be maintained at |Vp|sp, the real and imaginary parts of Vp(k+1) are
adjusted to satisfy this condition while retaining the angle as follows:
Define:

• These values are used in subsequent computations. To take into account the limits on the reactive power
the following logic is used:
 
If Qcalp > Qmaxp , set Qcalp = Qmaxp . If Qcalp < Qminp , set Qcalp = Qminp . Then do the computation as for a PQ
bus. There is no adjustment of Vp(k+1) in that case. If the subsequent computation, does not fall within the
available reactive power, the bus is switched back to a PV bus.

BACK
• The whole iteration process takes place till the convergence takes place, given by the condition

Max|Vp(k+1) – Vp(k) | < Cv

Typical values of Cv range from 0.01 to 0.0001 

• After the computations have converged,line flows and slack bus power are calculated as follows:

Let the line connecting bus p to bus q have a series admittance of ypq and total line charging admittance of y’pq.
Then the current in the line is given by
 
ipq = (Vp - Vq) ypq + Vp y’pq/2
 
• The line flow from bus p to bus q is given by
 
Ppq + j Qpq = Vp [(Vp - Vq)* y*pq + V*p y’*pq/2]
 
• The line flow from bus q to bus p is given by
 
Pqp + j Qqp = Vq [(Vq – Vp)* y*pq + V*q y’*pq/2]
 
• The line loss in line p-q is given by the algebraic sum of Ppq + j Qpq and Pqp + j Qqp.
 
• The slack bus power is calculated by summing the flows on the lines terminating at the slack bus.

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