ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS STRUCTURAL

MEMBERS CONSIDERING GEOMETRIC

NONLINEARITY

• POOJA ANIL • Guided by:

PA N C H A L Mr. Sandesh Sharma
• IU1851210006 • Prof. Bibhu Bibhuti
• MTECH (SEM 3) (Internal guide)
 FLOW OF CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION
2. OBJECTIVE
3. SCOPE OF WORK
4. LITERATURE REVIEW
5. NEED OF STUDY
6. CURRENT STUDY
7. CONCLUSION
8. FUTURE SCOPE
9. REFRENCES

2
INTRODUCTION
• Nonlinear systems are those for which principle of superposition does not

hold.

• Some important engineering phenomenon can be assessed on the basis of

nonlinear analysis :

1. Collapse or buckling of structures due to overloads.

2. Progressive damage behaviour due to long lasting severe loads.

[Source:Ishizaki,T.,andK.J.Bathe.(1980).On Finite Element Large Displacement and Elastic-Plastic Dynamic Analysis of Shell
3
Structures,"Computers&Structures.]
Introduction

COLLAPSE OR BUCKLING OF STRUCTURES DUE TO OVERLOADS

FIGURE: NONLINEAR BEHAVIOR OF FIGURE: NONLINEAR BEHAVIOR OF

SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM
SUBJECTED TO BLAST LOADING SUBJECTED TO IMPACT LOADING
Source: Chunwei Zhang, Gholamreza Gholipour,Asma Alsadat Mousavi.(2019). Nonlinear dynamic behavior of simply-supported RC beams
subjected to combined impact-blast loading.SCIENCEDIRECT ELSEVIER.Quingdo,China. 4
Introduction

FIGURE:
COMPARISION OF
FE SIMULATIONS
AND
EXPERIMENTAL
TSET

Source: Chunwei Zhang, Gholamreza Gholipour,Asma Alsadat Mousavi.(2019). Nonlinear dynamic behavior of simply-supported RC
beams subjected to combined impact-blast loading.SCIENCEDIRECT ELSEVIER.Quingdo,China. 5
Introduction

• The need of nonlinear analysis has increased in recent years due to need for:
1. Use of optimized structures
2. Use of new materials
3. Addressing safety-related issues of structures more rigorously

• Most problems addressed by nonlinear analysis are found in most branches of engineering, notably:
1. Nuclear Engineering
2. Earthquake Engineering
3. Automobile Engineering
4. Defense Industries
5. Aeronautical Engineering
6. Mining Industries
7. Offshore Engineering .. and so on

[Source:Ishizaki,T.,andK.J.Bathe.(1980).On Finite Element Large Displacement and Elastic-Plastic Dynamic Analysis of Shell
Structures,"Computers&Structures.]:
6
Introduction

CLASSIFICATION OF NONLINEAR ANALYSIS

CLASSIFICATION OF
NONLINEAR
ANALYSIS

MATERIAL GEOMETRIC
NONLINEARITY NONLINEARITY

Sathyamoorthy Muthukrishnan(1997).Nonlinear Analysis of Structures.Postdam,New York

7
Introduction

• Classification of nonlinear analysis:

1. Material nonlinearity:
o A wide range of engineering materials exhibit nonlinear stress-strain behavior under
varying loading conditions.
o Metals and polymers, for instance, deform in this manner when they flow plastically and
thus the nonlinear stress-strain relationship enters the governing equations.
o Thus, when the generalized Hooke’s law is not valid, the governing equations become
nonlinear due to nonlinear stress-strain behavior of deformable body. This type of
nonlinearity is called material or physical nonlinearity.

2. Geometric nonlinearity
o Problems involving deformation that are large are called geometrical nonlinear problems.
o The geometric nonlinearity is associated with large deformations in solids such as beams,
plates, frames and shells resulting in nonlinear strain-displacement relations
Sathyamoorthy Muthukrishnan(1997).Nonlinear Analysis of Structures.Postdam,New York
8
OBJECTIVE

• To understand nonlinear concepts on structural elements.

• To determine stress and deflection of structural elements considering geometric

nonlinearity.

• To prepare the excel or MATLAB code for performing nonlinear analysis of

various structural elements.

9
 SCOPE OF WORK
• Understand the concept of nonlinearity through literature review.
• Applying the concept of nonlinearity and evaluating the deflection and stresses of various
structural elements like beams, bars, truss, 2-D frame with boundary conditions.
• Comparing the results with different literature available.
• Preparing the excel or MATLAB code for performing nonlinear analysis of various
structural elements
• Results and discussions
• Conclusions

10
LITERATURE REVIEW
Title: “Large deflection of determinate and indeterminate bars of variable
stiffness”
• The purpose of this paper is to develop an analytical method for calculating
large deflection and rotation with varying stiffness.
• The methods used are:
1. Equivalent nonlinear method
2. Equivalent Pseudolinear of variable stiffness that replaces the original
variable stiffness.
• This paper deals with four types of problems:
1. Tapered cantilever beam with trapezoidal loading
2. Simply supported beam with trapezoidal loading
3. Tapered statically indeterminate beam with trapezoidal loading
4. Tapered statically indeterminate beam with arbitrary loading
D. G. Fertis and A. O. Afonta.(1990).Large deflection determinate and indeterminate bars of variable stiffness.J. Engrg. Mech.,
ASCE,116(7). 11
LITERATURE REVIEW

• The
  proof of existence of both the methods i.e. equivalent nonlinear
method, equivalent pseudolinear method can be done by using non
differential equation of elastic curve :
  𝑦′ ′ 𝑀x
=− Equation (1)
3
𝐸 x∗𝐼 x
( 1+ 𝑦 ′ 2 ) 2

• Where, M = bending moment, E = modulus of elasticity, I = moment of

inertia at any arbitrary distance.
  =M Equation (2)
Also,

• Where Me= bending moment at any cross-section x

3
  3
Equation (3)
′ 2 (2 ) [ 1+ 𝑦 ′ 2 ] 2 𝑀 x
[ 1+ 𝑦 e ] 𝑀 e=
𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑔 ( 𝑥)
D. G. Fertis and A. O. Afonta.(1990).Large deflection determinate and indeterminate bars of variable stiffness.J. Engrg.
Mech., ASCE,116(7).
12
LITERATURE REVIEW

•  The variable stiffness E I can be expressed as:

ExIx=E1I1g(x)f(x)
• where g(x) = the variation of E with respect to a reference value E1, and
f(x)= the variation of I with respect to a reference value I1. Thus, the
reference stiffness value of ExIx is E1I1.
• If E and I are both constant, then f(x) = g(x) = 1.00.
• So for small deflections, equation (3) i.e. 3
  3
′ 2 2)
( [ 1+ 𝑦 ′ 2 ] 2 𝑀𝑥
[ 1+ 𝑦 𝑒 ] 𝑀𝑒=
𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑔( 𝑥 )

• And it is reduced to equation (2)

• Here (y’)2 and (ye)2 are very small and can be neglected.

D. G. Fertis and A. O. Afonta.(1990).Large deflection determinate and indeterminate bars of variable stiffness.J. Engrg. Mech.,
ASCE,116(7). 13
LITERATURE REVIEW

• When the equivalent constant stiffness pseudolinear system is obtained, elementary linear
deflection theory (Moment Area Method) can be used to solve the pseudolinear system.
• Type of problem: Tapered cantilever beam with trapezoidal loading:

FIGURE 1: Tapered
cantilever beam with
trapezoidal loading

• The factors n and m represent the variation of h and w1 respectively. AB’ represents the
large deflection configuration.
D. G. Fertis and A. O. Afonta.(1990).Large deflection determinate and indeterminate bars of variable stiffness.J. Engrg. Mech.,
ASCE,116(7). 14
LITERATURE REVIEW

• The bending moment Mx and moment of Inertia Ix at any distance 0 ≤ x ≤ L0 ;

where L0 = L- ∆

 
¿
Equation (7)

¿ Equation (8)

• Where Ib and f(x) is given as:

𝑏 h3   𝐿 o+ ( 𝑛 −1 ) ( 𝐿 o − 𝑥 )
 
𝐼 𝑏=
12
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=
[ 𝐿o ]
D. G. Fertis and A. O. Afonta.(1990).Large deflection determinate and indeterminate bars of variable stiffness.J. Engrg. Mech.,
ASCE,116(7). 15
LITERATURE REVIEW

• The horizontal deflection ∆ is obtained by using trial and error procedure

(Simpson's 1/3 rule)
• This procedure is repeated until a correct length L is obtained.
• They have explained through an example considering L=1000inches, EIb=
180,000 kips-sq in, w1 = 0.005 kips/in, ∆=159.14 in, n=m=2
• Therefore values of Me’ can be plotted as

TABLE 1:Values of Me’ DIAGRAM

D. G. Fertis and A. O. Afonta.(1990).Large deflection determinate and indeterminate bars of variable stiffness.J. Engrg. Mech.,
ASCE,116(7). 16
LITERATURE REVIEW

Thus, moment diagram can be represented as:

FIGURE 2: Moment
Diagram of Pseudolinear
System with its Shape
Approximated with Three
Straight Lines

• The pseudolinear system of constant stiffness can be shown as:

FIGURE 3:
Pseudolinear
System of Constant
Stiffness

D. G. Fertis and A. O. Afonta.(1990).Large deflection determinate and indeterminate bars of variable stiffness.J. Engrg. Mech.,
ASCE,116(7).

17
LITERATURE REVIEW

• Thus the large deflection and rotation at any distance 0 ≤ x ≤ L0 can be obtained by
using the pseudolinear system and applying linear elemental theory (moment area
method).
• So, for this example the deflection at the free end is
δb =493.82 inches.
• Similarily, the other examples are derived in a similar manner
• For a Simply supported beam with trapezoidal loading

FIGURE 4: Tapered
cantilever beam with
variable stiffness

D. G. Fertis and A. O. Afonta.(1990).Large deflection determinate and indeterminate bars of variable stiffness.J. Engrg. Mech.,
ASCE,116(7).

18
LITERATURE REVIEW

• The same system can be solved by simplified constant stiffness equivalent

nonlinear system

FIGURE 5:Moment Diagram

M, of Nonlinear Equivalent
System of Constant Stiffness
with its Shape Approximated
by Two Straight Lines

FIGURE 6: Constant-Stiffness
Equivalent Nonlinear System
with One Concentrated Load

D. G. Fertis and A. O. Afonta.(1990).Large deflection determinate and indeterminate bars of variable stiffness.J. Engrg. Mech.,
ASCE,116(7).

19
LITERATURE REVIEW

• Therefore values of Me’ diagram can be plotted as

TABLE 2:Values of Me’ DIAGRAM

D. G. Fertis and A. O. Afonta.(1990).Large deflection determinate and indeterminate bars of variable stiffness.J. Engrg. Mech.,
ASCE,116(7).
20
LITERATURE REVIEW

• For Tapered statically indeterminate beam with trapezoidal loading:

FIGURE 7: Tapered
statically indeterminate
beam with trapezoidal
loading

• Thus, moment diagram can be represented as:

FIGURE 8: Moment
Diagram

D. G. Fertis and A. O. Afonta.(1990).Large deflection determinate and indeterminate bars of variable stiffness.J. Engrg. Mech.,
ASCE,116(7).

21
LITERATURE REVIEW

• For a Tapered statically indeterminate beam with arbitrary loading:

FIGURE 9: Tapered
cantilever beam with
arbitrary loading

• Thus, moment diagram can be represented as:

FIGURE 10: Tapered

cantilever beam with
arbitrary loading

D. G. Fertis and A. O. Afonta.(1990).Large deflection determinate and indeterminate bars of variable stiffness.J. Engrg. Mech.,
ASCE,116(7).

22
LITERATURE REVIEW

Conclusion:
• This paper proves that the determination of large deflection and rotation for
statically determinate and indeterminate beams with varying stiffness can be
evaluated by using constant stiffness EI and applying either pseudolinear
system or simpler nonlinear analysis.
• The shape of moment diagram of both pseudolinear and simpler nonlinear
system can be approximated by few straight line approximation.
• For practical purpose, this approximation gives accurate results and can
simplify the complex problem easily.
• Also, this approximation is useful where the stiffness of the member is
varying and which cannot be generated by simpler mathematical
formulations.
• This is a general method, other types of problem involving large deformation
can be solved in this similar manner.

D. G. Fertis and A. O. Afonta.(1990).Large deflection determinate and indeterminate bars of variable stiffness.J. Engrg. Mech.,
ASCE,116(7).

23
LITERATURE REVIEW

Title: “Pseudolinear and equivalent system for large deflection of members”

This paper deals with the computation of large deflection of uniform and variable stiffness
member, by using following two methods :

I. The Pseudolinear equivalent systems and application of linear theory.

• In this method , they have illustrated a cantilever beam, one with constant and variable
stiffness.
• They have used Bernoulli- Euler law , by using the second-order nonlinear differential
equation of the elastic curve.
• And once the equivalent system of constant stiffness in obtained , linear or nonlinear
analysis can be carried out in order to find the deflection at a given point.
• This deflection can be determined by using “ ELEMENTARY LINEAR THEORY”

Fertis, D.G.,and Pallaki, S.(1989).Pseudolinear and equivalent systems for large deflection of members.J.Engrg. Mech.,
ASCE.115(11). 24
LITERATURE REVIEW

II. The use of simplified equivalent systems and application of simpler nonlinear
solutions and graphs:
• Here horizontal and vertical deflection, rotation is calculated by using
“ Approximate method of analysis” by using Maclurin’s series
• They also used closed form solutions “Frisch-Fay” using very tedious principle of elastic
similarity.
• And the results of both these solutions with less difference in answers.

• Thus, The use of the pseudolinear systems and application of linear theory would be most
convenient to use in cases where the nonlinear theory becomes very complex to determine
deflections, but remains reasonably simple for rotation computations.
• However, both methods are simple and accurate.

Fertis, D.G.,and Pallaki, S.(1989).Pseudolinear and equivalent systems for large deflection of members.J.Engrg. Mech., ASCE.115(11).
25
LITERATURE REVIEW

• In order to illustrate the derivation of pseudolinear equivalent system, they have

considered a CANTILEVER BEAM WITH POINT LOAD AT FREE END B
with constant stiffness EI as shown in figure.

FIGURE 11:
Cantilever beam
with constant
stiffness

• Since modulus of elasticity E, and moment of inertia I are assumed to be constant,

the stiffness function f(x)=1
• Therefore, Me=Mx

Fertis, D.G.,and Pallaki, S.(1989).Pseudolinear and equivalent systems for large deflection of members.J.Engrg. Mech.,
ASCE.115(11).

26
LITERATURE REVIEW

• For a cantilever beam, the bending moment Mx at an distance

form figure B is
Mx = -P(L-x-∆)

FIGURE 12:
Moment Diagarm

• Substituting value of Mx in this equation:

  𝑦′ ′ 𝑀x
=−
3
𝐸 x∗𝐼 x
( 1+ 𝑦 ′ 2 ) 2
Fertis, D.G.,and Pallaki, S.(1989).Pseudolinear and equivalent systems for large deflection of members.J.Engrg. Mech.,
ASCE.115(11).

27
LITERATURE REVIEW

• and integrating once, we get

2
  𝑥

𝑦= ′
𝐾 2
( 𝐿𝑥 −
2
−∆𝑥 )
2
1/ 2 Equation (13)

{ [( ) ]}
2
𝑥
1 − 𝑘2 − −∆ 𝑥
2

• Now in order to determine y’ at any distance x, we need to know the horizontal

displacement ∆, so by using trial and error method i.e. Simpson’s 1/3 rule
• This method is repeated until the assumed horizontal deflection ∆ yields the correct
length L of the member.
• They have explained through an example considering L=600 inches, E= 30x*10 6 psi,
Ib =6 in4, ∆=96.4 in, P=1000 lb

Fertis, D.G.,and Pallaki, S.(1989).Pseudolinear and equivalent systems for large deflection of members.J.Engrg. Mech.,
ASCE.115(11).

28
LITERATURE REVIEW

• Thus values of moment diagram Me’ of the pseudolinear system is

shown in table 3 :

TABLE 3:Values of Me’ DIAGRAM

Fertis, D.G.,and Pallaki, S.(1989).Pseudolinear and equivalent systems for large deflection of members.J.Engrg. Mech.,
ASCE.115(11).

29
LITERATURE REVIEW

• The corresponding moment diagram will be:

FIGURE 13:
Moment Diagram
of pseudolinear
system with 2
straight line
approximation

FIGURE 14:
Pseudolinear
Equivalent System

Fertis, D.G.,and Pallaki, S.(1989).Pseudolinear and equivalent systems for large deflection of members.J.Engrg. Mech.,
ASCE.115(11).

30
LITERATURE REVIEW

• Thus using the elementary linear theory i.e. Moment area method,
deflection at free end will be δb =296.8 inches.(Research paper)

Manual
Calculation

Fertis, D.G.,and Pallaki, S.(1989).Pseudolinear and equivalent systems for large deflection of members.J.Engrg. Mech.,
ASCE.115(11).

31
LITERATURE REVIEW

 • Now, for a TAPERED CANTILEVER BEAM WITH POINT LOAD AT FREE END B as
shown in figure:

FIGURE 15: Tapered

Cantilever beam with
variable stiffness

• The moment of inertia Ix at any distance x is given by:

3 3
  𝑏 h 𝐿+0.5 ( 𝐿 − 𝑥 )
𝐼𝑥=
12 𝐿 [ ]
• Since, the I is not constant,

Fertis, D.G.,and Pallaki, S.(1989).Pseudolinear and equivalent systems for large deflection of members.J.Engrg. Mech.,
ASCE.115(11).

32
LITERATURE REVIEW

• Thus values of moment diagram Me’ of the pseudolinear system is

shown in table 4 :

TABLE 4:Values of Me’ DIAGRAM

Fertis, D.G.,and Pallaki, S.(1989).Pseudolinear and equivalent systems for large deflection of members.J.Engrg. Mech.,
ASCE.115(11).

33
LITERATURE REVIEW

• The corresponding moment diagram will be:

FIGURE 16:
Moment Diagram
of pseudolinear
system with 2
straight line
approximation

FIGURE 17:
Pseudolinear
Equivalent System

Fertis, D.G.,and Pallaki, S.(1989).Pseudolinear and equivalent systems for large deflection of members.J.Engrg. Mech.,
ASCE.115(11).

34
LITERATURE REVIEW

• Thus using the elementary linear theory i.e. Moment area

method, deflection at free end will be δb =512.85 inches.
(Research Paper)

Manual
Calculation

Fertis, D.G.,and Pallaki, S.(1989).Pseudolinear and equivalent systems for large deflection of members.J.Engrg. Mech.,
ASCE.115(11).

35
LITERATURE REVIEW

Conclusion:

• The use of the pseudolinear systems and application of linear

theory would be most convenient to use in cases where the
nonlinear theory becomes very complex to determine
deflections, but remains reasonably simple for rotation
computations.

• However, both methods are simple and accurate and reduces

computational effort for arbitrary varying stiffness conditions.

Fertis, D.G.,and Pallaki, S.(1989).Pseudolinear and equivalent systems for large deflection of members.J.Engrg. Mech.,
ASCE.115(11).

36
LITERATURE REVIEW

Title: “Inelastic Analysis of Variable Stiffness Members”

• The research in this paper involves the analysis of non-prismatic members where the
material is stressed beyond its elastic limit.
• Thus modulus of elasticity will vary along its length.
• The main aim of this paper is to determine how a member reacts to the loads and cause the
material to be stressed well beyond its elastic limit.
• Here, by approximating the shape of Me with only a few straight lines, the expected error
would be much less than two percent.
• For practical applications, the research proved that two or three straight lines reasonable
results.
• And in order to observe the progressive deterioration of the members ability to resist load
and deformation and establish useful practical limits regarding the properties.

D.G. Fertis and R. Taneja.(1989).Inelastic analysis of variable stiffness members.” Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Mathamatical and
Computer Modelling, Chicago, Illinois.

37
LITERATURE REVIEW

FIGURE 18: Tapered

cantilever beam

• This methodology is based on determination of reduced modulus Er by using

Timoshenko’s method.
• In order to use this method, stress-strain curve of the material must be known.
For Monel, the curve is shown in figure.

FIGURE 19:
Stress-strain curve
of Monel

D.G. Fertis and R. Taneja.(1989).Inelastic analysis of variable stiffness members.” Proceedings of the Seventh International
Conference on Mathamatical and Computer Modelling, Chicago, Illinois.

38
LITERATURE REVIEW

 • The stress-strain curves of 2,3,6 line approximations are shown:

FIGURE 20: Stress-

strain curve of 2,3, 6 line
approximation

• The reduced modulus is defined as:

• Trial and error procedure is used to determine Er for specific values of h and I
along the length.

D.G. Fertis and R. Taneja.(1989).Inelastic analysis of variable stiffness members.” Proceedings of the Seventh International
Conference on Mathamatical and Computer Modelling, Chicago, Illinois.

39
LITERATURE REVIEW

• Also, trial and error procedure is used to match Mreq with actual
moment Mx

TABLE 5:Values of Mreq , Er

D.G. Fertis and R. Taneja.(1989).Inelastic analysis of variable stiffness members.” Proceedings of the Seventh International
Conference on Mathamatical and Computer Modelling, Chicago, Illinois.

40
LITERATURE REVIEW

• The figure(20) shows the deflection of free end for different values of
Load (Q), n=1.25,1.5,1.75 and 2 and h=8 in.

FIGURE 21: End

Deflection curves
• The starting point P in these figure indicate the transition from elastic to
inelastic behavior of the member.
D.G. Fertis and R. Taneja.(1989).Inelastic analysis of variable stiffness members.” Proceedings of the Seventh International
Conference on Mathamatical and Computer Modelling, Chicago, Illinois.

41
LITERATURE REVIEW

Conclusions:

• The research proves that the elastic and inelastic analysis of a member with variable
modulus of elasticity and moment of inertia along their length can be carried out by using
linear equivalent systems of constant stiffness.
• By approximating the shape of Me diagram, the expected error can be reduced by 2 percent.
• Greater accuracy can be obtained by using more straight lines.
• For practical purpose, this research proves that, the approximation of stress-strain curve
with two or three straight lines can give reasonable results.
• The members can be analysed for both elastic and inelastic response, up to failure, allowing
progressive deterioration of member under given load, and deformation, and to establish
practical limits to these properties.

D.G. Fertis and R. Taneja.(1989).Inelastic analysis of variable stiffness members.” Proceedings of the Seventh International
Conference on Mathamatical and Computer Modelling, Chicago, Illinois.

42
LITERATURE REVIEW

Title: Inelastic analysis of flexible bars using simplified nonlinear equivalent

systems:

• This paper deals with inelastic analysis of flexible bars of any arbitrary variation in their moment of
inertia along their length when subjected to complicated loading conditions.
• They have used method of equivalent system which permits the replacement of varying stiffness,
loading conditions with simpler nonlinear systems with constant stiffness.
• The solution of constant stiffness equivalent nonlinear systems may be obtained by either of the two
following ways:
1. By using simpler nonlinear analysis
2. By deriving pseudolinear equivalent systems of constant stiffness and applying linear analysis

. D.G. Fertis and C. T. Lee.(1990) Inelastic analysis of flexible bars using simplified nonlinear equivalent systems. RESESARCH
GATE.

43
LITERATURE REVIEW

• They have illustrated inelastic analysis of:

1. Cantilever flexible bar with uniformly varying load:
FIGURE 22: Tapered
cantilever beam with
uniformly varying load

• This methodology is based on determination of reduced modulus Er by using

Timoshenko’s method.
• Trial and error method is used to determine the value of large deflection.

TABLE 6:Values of y’, g(x), ∆,Mreq ,Ze

. D.G. Fertis and C. T. Lee.(1990) Inelastic analysis of flexible bars using simplified nonlinear equivalent systems. RESESARCH
GATE.

44
LITERATURE REVIEW

• And the results of Exact PES and Simplified NES are

compared, as shown in table below

TABLE 7: Values of ∆, Θ, δ

. D.G. Fertis and C. T. Lee.(1990) Inelastic analysis of flexible bars using simplified nonlinear equivalent systems. RESESARCH
GATE.

45
LITERATURE REVIEW

Similarly, inelastic analysis of other loading conditions are also explained in this paper
1. Flexible bars with elaborate loading conditions and stiffness variations.

2. Analysis of simply supported beam

Conclusions:
• The inelastic analysis of flexible bars with arbitrary stiffness and variations in the
load along the member length can be carried out by using the simplified nonlinear
equivalent system of constant stiffness.

. D.G. Fertis and C. T. Lee.(1990) Inelastic analysis of flexible bars using simplified nonlinear equivalent systems. RESESARCH
GATE.

46
LITERATURE REVIEW

• The simplified nonlinear equivalent system replaces the original variable stiffness
system, and it may be solved by using either (a) pseudolinear equivalent systems of
constant stiffness and applying linear analysis, or (b) by using simpler nonlinear
methods of analysis if such methods are easily available.

• In the inelastic analysis, the reduced modulus is computed by using Timoshenko’s

method, and it will vary along the length of the member when the material is
stressed beyond its elastic limit.

• Also, progressive deterioration of member under given load, and deformation can be
observed and establish practical limits to these properties.

. D.G. Fertis and C. T. Lee.(1990) Inelastic analysis of flexible bars using simplified nonlinear equivalent systems. RESESARCH
GATE.

47
LITERATURE REVIEW

Title: Equivalent systems for inelastic analysis of non-prismatic members:

• This paper discuses the concept and method of equivalent systems provides an
accurate and efficient method of analysis which helps to determine how a member
reacts to loads that cause material to be stressed well beyond its elastic limit.
• Non differential equation of elastic curve is given by,
𝑀x   𝑦′ ′
• And ExIx=E1I1g(x)f(x) =−
′ 2
𝐸 x∗𝐼 x 3
( 1+ 𝑦modulus
• The methodology to determine value of g(x) is based on reduced 2 ) “E r” by
using Timoshenko’s method.
• For this the stress-strain curve of the material must be known. Here the material used
is Monel.
• They have illustrated :
1. Inelastic analysis of tapered cantilever beam
2. Simply supported beam with a concentrated load at its midspan
3. Inelastic analysis of statically indeterminate beams

D.G. Fertis, R. Taneja and C. T. (1991).Lee.Equivalent systems for inelastic analysis of non-prismatic members. Comput. Struct.
38, 31-39.

48
LITERATURE REVIEW

• I: For Inelastic analysis of tapered cantilever beam:

FIGURE 23: Me
diagram with 3
straight lines

• And the corresponding graph of deflection at free end B:

FIGURE 24: End

Deflection curves

• The starting point P in these figure indicate the transition from elastic to
inelastic behavior of the member
D.G. Fertis, R. Taneja and C. T. (1991).Lee.Equivalent systems for inelastic analysis of non-prismatic members. Comput. Struct.
38, 31-39.

49
LITERATURE REVIEW

II. For Simply supported beam with a concentrated load at its

midspan:

FIGURE 25: Me
diagram with 6
straight lines

FIGURE 26: End

Deflection curves

D.G. Fertis, R. Taneja and C. T. (1991).Lee.Equivalent systems for inelastic analysis of non-prismatic members. Comput. Struct.
38, 31-39.

50
LITERATURE REVIEW

• Values of y’, g(x), ∆, Mreq , Ze for simply supported beams are shown
in table 8

TABLE 8 :Values of y’, g(x), ∆,Mreq ,Ze

D.G. Fertis, R. Taneja and C. T. (1991).Lee.Equivalent systems for inelastic analysis of non-prismatic members. Comput. Struct.
38, 31-39.

51
LITERATURE REVIEW

• Values of deflection for simply supported beams.

TABLE 9 :Values of Θ, δ, ∆,Me

D.G. Fertis, R. Taneja and C. T. (1991).Lee.Equivalent systems for inelastic analysis of non-prismatic members. Comput. Struct.
38, 31-39.

52
LITERATURE REVIEW

Conclusions:

• The inelastic analysis of flexible bars with arbitrary stiffness and

variations in the load along the member length can be carried out by
using the simplified nonlinear equivalent system of constant stiffness.
• For both elastic and inelastic analysis , exact and approximate
equivalent systems may be obtained.
• For practical applications research proves that approximation of the
shape of stress-strain curve with two or three straight lines yields
reasonable results.
• Also by approximating the shape of Me diagram with a few
straight lines, the error can be less than two percent.

D.G. Fertis, R. Taneja and C. T. (1991).Lee.Equivalent systems for inelastic analysis of non-prismatic members. Comput. Struct.
38, 31-39.

53
 NEED OF STUDY

• To determine the large deflection and rotation of beams.

• To observe progressive deterioration of the members and its ability to resist

load under different loading conditions and deformation.

• To compare deflection results with linear analysis.

54
CURRENT STUDY

CURRENT STUDY
• Validation of deflection and rotation of a “variable stiffness cantilevered beams with
trapezoidal loading” and “variable stiffness simply supported beam with trapezoidal loading”
with the research paper.
Case I: Variable stiffness simply supported beams with trapezoidal loading:
• Consider the trapezoidal beam loaded with trapezoidal loading as shown in figure below
• The factors n and m are indicating the variation of h and w1respectively.
CURRENT STUDY

• The equation of bending moment Mx and moment of inertia Ix are as follows:

• Where, f(x) is

  𝑦′ ′ 𝑀x
• Placing the value in Euler-Bernoulli equation: =−
3
𝐸 x∗𝐼 x
( 1+ 𝑦 ′ 2 ) 2
CURRENT STUDY

• Thus we get,

• Integrating the above equation and applying the boundary conditions, we get
CURRENT STUDY

• Using Equivalent Pseudolinear method for 4 cases (m = 2; n = 1, 1.5, 2, 3)

Case n = m = 2
CURRENT STUDY

• The moment diagram is as follows:

CURRENT STUDY

•Solution:
 

• Using three straight line approximation applying moment area method in order to determine
deflection at point D:

• inches
• Research paper results are = 252.10 inches
• Error of 3.29%.
CURRENT STUDY

• Similarly, the values of deflection and rotation for various of n and m = 2 is represented in the
following table:
CURRENT STUDY

• Case II : Variable stiffness cantilever beam with trapezoidal loading:

• The equation of bending moment Mx and moment of inertia is as follows Ix :

• Where f(x) is,

CURRENT STUDY

• Substituting these values in the Euler-Bernoulli equation:

CURRENT STUDY

• Using Equivalent Pseudolinear method for various values of m and n

Case n = m = 2
Excel sheet results
CURRENT STUDY

Case n = m = 2
Research paper results
CURRENT STUDY

• The moment diagram Me’ is

Research paper result

Excel sheet result

CURRENT STUDY

• Similarly, the values of deflection and rotation for various of n and m is represented in the
following table:
CURRENT STUDY

EXAMPLE 1:
•   I : Consider a flexible tapered cantilever beam with a concentrated load at its free end
Case
Given data: let us consider
the free end B

• The equation of moment is Mx= -P * x

  𝑦′ ′ 𝑀x
=−
′
3
2
𝐸 x∗𝐼 x
( 1+ 𝑦 2 )
• Placing the value in Euler-Bernoulli equation:
CURRENT STUDY

•  Integrating the above equation, we get

•

Where , is:

• For
CURRENT STUDY

For n = 1.5
CURRENT STUDY

• The moment diagram Me’

CURRENT STUDY

•  Using three line approximation, deflection at point B is:

• Similarly, the values of deflection and rotation for various of n is represented in the following
table:

n ∆B δB ΘB
1 414.94 732.38 71.96
1.5 194 519.85 53.31
2 78.42 334.47 36.14
2.5 32.48 214.00 32.48
3 14.82 142.73 14.82
3.5 7.0 97.136 12.92
4 4.05 69.107 9.92
CURRENT STUDY

EXAMPLE 2:
•  
Case II : Consider a flexible tapered cantilever beam with a uniformly distributed load
Given data: let us consider

By using ∆(x) = ∆
CURRENT STUDY

•  The equation of moment is

• Placing the value in Euler-Bernoulli equation:   𝑦′ ′ 𝑀x

=−
3
𝐸 x∗𝐼 x
• Integrating the above equation, we get ( 1+ 𝑦 ′ 2 ) 2
•

Where , is:
CURRENT STUDY

•  For n = 1

• Integrating on both the sides and applying boundary conditions, we get

CURRENT STUDY

For n = 1.5
CURRENT STUDY

• The moment diagram Me’

CURRENT STUDY

•  Using five straight line approximation, deflection at point B is:

 
CURRENT STUDY

• Similarly, the values of deflection and rotation for various of n is represented in the following
table:

n ∆B(inches) δB(inches) ΘB(degrees)

1 595.89 700 78.90
1.5 363 688.86 68.54
2 171 421.69 48.01
2.5 71 334.22 31.18
3 30 221.657 20.74
3.5 14.2 150.52 14.43
4 7.3 108.397 10.47
CURRENT STUDY

EXAMPLE 3:
• Determine horizontal and vertical deflection and rotation of a tapered cantilever beam loaded
with a vertical point load at free end assuming the vertical load P = 1.5 kips; n = 1.5, L = 1000
in. EIB = 180000 kips sq in.
CURRENT STUDY

• The moment diagram Me’

CURRENT STUDY

•  
• Using three straight line approximation, the deflection at free end,
CURRENT STUDY

EXAMPLE 4:
• Repeating case 3 by assuming the taper n = 2.
CURRENT STUDY

•  By using three straight line approximation, the deflection is

CURRENT STUDY

EXAMPLE 5:
•  

.
CURRENT STUDY
CURRENT STUDY

•  Using four straight line approximation, the deflection at point B is

CURRENT STUDY

EXAMPLE 6:
• Solving example 5 for wo = 2.0 lb/in
CURRENT STUDY

•  Using four straight line approximation, the deflection at point B is

CURRENT STUDY

EXAMPLE 7:
•  Repeating example 5 assuming that ∆(x) = (∆x/L0)

• Integrating the above equation, we get

CURRENT STUDY

• For n = 1.5
CURRENT STUDY
Moment diagram Me’
CURRENT STUDY

EXAMPLE 8
• Consider
  a UDL loading of 1.5 lb/in, uniform stiffness EI = 180000 kip sq in. and L = 1000 in.
Determine the horizontal and vertical deflection at the free end of the flexible bar. Assume
∆(x) = (∆x/L0)
•
CURRENT STUDY
CURRENT STUDY

• The moment diagram

CURRENT STUDY

•  Using four straight line approximation

CURRENT STUDY

EXAMPLE 9:
•  For the tapered cantilever beam with udl 5 lb/in. , EI = 180000 kip-sq in. ,L = 1000 in. n = 1.5
• Determine the horizontal and vertical deflection at the free end of the flexible bar. Assume
∆(x) = (∆x/L0)
•

• Integrating the above equation, we get

CURRENT STUDY
CURRENT STUDY
The moment diagram Me’
CURRENT STUDY

COMPARISON
• Case 1: example 5 and 7
• Values of ∆B, Θ B, δ B for assumed cases of ∆(x) and with wo = 10 lb/in.
Displacement Assumed cases of ∆(x)

  ∆(x)= ∆ ∆(x)= ∆x/L0

∆B 557.9 489

ΘB 82.482 74.13

δB 738.661 700

• Case 2: example 2 and 9

• Values of ∆B, Θ B, δ B for assumed cases of ∆(x) and with wo = 5 lb/in
Displacement Assumed cases of ∆(x)
  ∆(x)= ∆ ∆(x)= ∆x/L0
∆B 363 314.78

ΘB 68.54 59.86

δB 688.86 610.11
Conclusion

CONCLUSION
• The shape of moment diagram of Pseudolinear equivalent system of constant or
varying stiffness can be approximated by 2, 3, 4 straight line approximations.

• Pseudolinear method is simple and accurate and reduces the computational effort for
arbitrary varying stiffness.

• The deflection of any determinate beams under any given loading conditions can be
carried out by using the Linear Elementary theory (Moment Area Method).

101
FUTURE SCOPE

• To plot and compare nonlinear Load-Deflection curve for different loading conditions with
Linear Load-Deflection curve.

• To develop Excel Code on Deflection of cantilever beam with concentrated load at free end.

• To develop Nonlinear Finite Element Modelling by using ABAQUS Software for a cantilever
beam with concentrated load at free end and compare load-deflection curve with Manual
Results.

102
References

REFERENCES

1. Fertis, D.G.,and Pallaki, S, “.Pseudolinear and equivalent systems for large deflection of
members.” J.Engrg. Mech., ASCE.115(11), 1989. 
2. D.G. Fertis and R. Taneja, “Inelastic analysis of variable stiffness members.” Proceedings of
the Seventh International Conference on Mathamatical and Computer Modelling, Chicago,
Illinois, 1989. 
3. D. G. Fertis and A. O. Afonta, “Large deflection determinate and indeterminate bars of
variable stiffness.” J. Engrg. Mech., ASCE,116(7), 1990.
4. D.G. Fertis and C. T. Lee, “Inelastic analysis of flexible bars using simplified nonlinear
equivalent systems.” RESESARCH GATE, 1990.

103
References

REFRENCES

5. D.G. Fertis, R. Taneja and C. T., “Equivalent systems for inelastic analysis of non-prismatic
members.” Comput. Struct. 38, 31-39, 1991.
6. Nayfeh A.H., Pai P.F. Linear and Nonlinear Structural Mechanics.Postdam,A John &
Sons,INC., Blacksburg, VA, Columbia, 1997. 
7. Sathyamoorthy Muthukrishnan. Nonlinear Analysis of Structures. Postdam, New
York,1997. 
8. Demeter G. Fertis. Nonlinear Structural Engineeering With Unique Theories and Methods to
Solve Effectively Complex Nonlinear Problems. Ohio, USA, 1965.

104
THANK YOU

105