Powerpoint Energy Management

Boilers and Fired Systems
Made By:-
Mohammed Al-Qahtani &
Nasser Al-Ahmari
Guided By:-
Dr. Khalifa Ali
Topics
 Boilers and Fired Systems
 Introduction
 Analysis of Boilers and Fired Systems
 Key Elements for Maximum Efficiency
 Fuel Considerations
1 INTRODUCTION
Boilers and other fired systems are the most significant energy
consumers. Almost two-thirds of the fossil-fuel energy consumed in the
United States involves the use of a boiler, furnace, or other fired
system.
Even most electric energy is produced using fuel-fired boilers. Over
68% of the electricity generated in the United States is produced
through the combustion of coal, fuel oil, and natural gas.
(The remainder is produced through nuclear, 22%; hydroelectric, 10%;

and geothermal and others, <1%.) Unlike many electric systems,
boilers and fired systems are not inherently energy efficient.
ANALYSIS OF BOILERS AND FIRED
SYSTEMS
Boiler Energy Consumption
Boiler and other fired systems, such as furnaces and ovens,
combust fuel with air for the purpose of releasing the chemical
heat energy. The purpose of the heat energy may be to raise
the temperature or generate high-temperature high-pressure
steam in order to power a turbine.
 Balance Equations
 Heat Balance
 Mass Balance
 Efficiency
SYSTEMS
 Balance Equations
Balance equations are used in an analysis of a process
which determines inputs and outputs to a system.
There are several types of balance equations which may
prove useful in the analysis of a boiler or fired-system.
These include a heat balance and mass balance.
SYSTEMS
 Heat Balance
A heat balance is used to determine where all the heat
energy enters and leaves a system.
Whether through measurement or analysis, In a simple
furnace system, energy enters through the combustion
air, fuel, and mixed-air duct. Energy leaves the furnace
system through the supply-air duct and the exhaust
gases.
SYSTEMS
 Mass Balance
A mass balance is used to determine where all mass
enters and leaves a system.
In the case of a steam boiler, a mass balance can be
used in the form of a water balance (steam, condensate
return, make-up water, blowdown, and feedwater.) A
mass balance can also be used for water quality or
chemical balance (total dissolved solids, or other
impurity.) The mass balance can also be used in the
form of a combustion analysis
SYSTEMS
 Efficiency
There are several different measures of efficiency used in
boilers and fired systems. as Combustion efficiency
Combustion efficiency can be measured by analyzing the
products of combustion the exhaust gases.
Typically measuring either carbon dioxide (CO2) or
oxygen (O2) in the exhaust gas can be used to determine
the combustion efficiency
Therefore, measuring oxygen in the exhaust gas is
anmore common and preferred method of controlling
thebair-to-fuel ratio in a fired system
SYSTEMS
 Energy Conservation Measures

energy cost reduction opportunities can
generally be placed into one of the following
categories: reducing load, increasing efficiency,
and reducing unit energy cost.
KEY ELEMENTS FOR MAXIMUM
EFFICIENCY
There are several opportunities for maximizing
efficiency and reducing operating costs in a boiler.
as energy and cost reduction, excess air,
stacktemperature, load balancing, boiler
blowdown, and condensate return.
EFFICIENCY
 Excess Air
In combustion processes, excess air is generally
defined as air introduced above the stoichiometric or
theoretical requirements to effect complete and
efficient combustion of the fuel.
Only enough air should be supplied to ensure complete

combustion of the fuel, since more than this amount
increases the heat rejected to the stack, resulting in
greater fuel consumption for a given process output.
EFFICIENCY
 Exhaust Stack Temperature
Another primary factor affecting unit efficiency and
ultimately fuel consumption is the temperature of
combustion gases rejected to the stack. Increased
operating efficiency with a corresponding reduction in
fuel input , this energy conservation objective when the
measured flue-gas temperature exceeds approximately
250°F. For a more extensive coverage of waste-heat
recovery
Waste-Heat-Steam Generation.
EFFICIENCY
 Load Balancing
Energy Conservation Opportunities
There is an inherent variation in the energy conversion
efficiencies of boilers and their auxiliaries with the
operating load imposed on this equipment. It is
desirable, therefore, to operate each piece of equipment
at the capacity that corresponds to its highest
efficiency.
EFFICIENCY
 Steam Demand
Chart recorders are the best source for this information.
Individual boiler steam flowmeters can be totalized
for plant output. Demands causing peaks and valleys
should be identified and their frequency estimated.
FUEL CONSIDERATIONS
 The selection and application of fuels to various

combustors are becoming increasingly complex. Most
existing units have limited flexibility in their ability to
fire.
FUEL CONSIDERATIONS
 Natural Gas
Natural-gas firing in combustors has traditionally been the most
attractive fuel type, because:
1. Gas costs have been held artificially low through
government control.
2. Only limited fuel-handling equipment typically consisting of
pipelines, metering, a liquid knockout
drum, and appropriate controls is required.
3. Boiler costs are minimized due to smaller boiler sizes;
which result from highly radiant flame characteristics and higher
velocities, resulting in enhanced heat
transfer and less heating surface.
4. Freedom from capital and operating costs associated
with pollution control equipment..
FUEL CONSIDERATIONS
 advantage
Natural gas, being the cleanest readily available
conventional form of fuel, also makes gas-fired units the
easiest to operate and maintain.
 disadvantage
rising fuel costs, and inadequate supplies.

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Boilers and Fired Systems

(The remainder is produced through nuclear, 22%; hydroelectric, 10%;

 Energy Conservation Measures

Only enough air should be supplied to ensure complete

 The selection and application of fuels to various

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