ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL, CHEMICAL AND
MATERIALS ENGINEERING
Department of MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Fundamentals of Inorganic Chemistry for Materials Science and

Engineering (Chem. 2101)
By:
Belete kefarge (MSc.)
March, 2018,
Adama, Ethiopia
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 Introduction
 The science in which substances are
examined to find out what they are made of,
What is chemistry ? how they act under different conditions,
and how they are combined or separated
Structure to/from other substances.
 To paraphrase that, chemistry deals with
Reactions finding what different substances are made
of, what kind of transformations take place,
and different chemically related facts about a
certain organism or substance.
Properties
 Definition and scope of chemistry

 Chemistry deals with the composition, properties, and structure of

matter.
 traditionally chemistry divide it into five fields: organic, inorganic,
physical, biochemical, and analytical.
 Although this division is historical and arbitrary, as witnessed by the
current interest in interdisciplinary areas such as bio-analytical and
organometallic chemistry
 Field s of chem ist ry

 Physical chemistry

 Analytical chemistry

 Organic chemistry

 Inorganic chemistry
 Why is Chemistry Important?

In Our Daily Lives

New Materials
New Pharmaceuticals
New Energy Sources
Food Supplies
Can you think of others?
 Chemistry deals with the natural world.

6 Source: Terry Donnelly/Stone/Getty Images

 What is Chemistry?

The science that deals with the materials of the

universe and the changes these materials undergo
The Central Science
Understanding most other fields of science requires an
understanding of Chemistry

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 Why is Chemistry Important?
 In Your Education

 Help you learn to Gather and Organize Information

 Qualitative and Quantitative

 Help you learn to find Patterns in Information

 Help you learn to Analyze Complex Systems
 Help you develop skills to Predict Future Events based on Patterns of
Behavior

 Help you develop Problem-Solving Skills

 Systematic Approach
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 The role chemistry: central science
The relationship between chemistry and the other sciences

 Physics : Astrophysics, Astronomy, Biophysics

 Biology : Botany, Genetics, Microbiology, Molecular biology, Zoology

 Geology : Geophysics, Geochemistry, Paleontology, Paleobiology

chemistry  Environmental science : Ecology, Meteorology , Oceanography

 Medicine : Clinical, Medicinal, Pharmacy, Toxicology

 Material science : Metallurgy, Polymers, Solid state

 Engineering : Civil, Chemical, Electronical, Mechanical

 Agriculture : Agronomy, Animal, Crop, Food, Horticulture, Soil

 Social Science : Archeology , Anthropology , Forensics

 Several different areas of chemistry

∑ Clinical analysis - blood, urine, feces, cellular fluids, etc., for use in diagnosis.

∑ Pharmaceutical analysis - establish the physical properties, toxicity, metabolites,

quality control, etc.

∑ Environmental analysis - pollutants, soil and water analysis, pesticides.

∑ Forensic analysis - analysis related to criminology; DNA finger printing, finger print
detection; blood analysis.

∑ Industrial quality control - required by most companies to control product quality.

∑ Bio-analytical chemistry and analysis - detection and/or analysis of biological

components (i.e., proteins, DNA, RNA, carbohydrates, metabolites, etc.).
 Inorganic chemistry
 inorganic chemistry is the chemistry of all elements except carbon
 The study of inorganic chemistry involves interpreting, correlating, and
predicting the properties and structures of an enormous range of materials.

 Inorganic chemistry is not simply the study of elements and compounds; it is

also the study of physical principles.

 For example, in order to understand why some compounds are soluble in a

given solvent and others are not, we apply laws of thermodynamics

 Inorganic chemistry: The branch of chemistry that deals with reactions and properties of all
chemical elements and their compounds, excluding hydrocarbons but usually including carbides
and other simple carbon compounds (such as CO2, CO, and HCN)
 CHEMISTRY OF TRANSITION METALS
 The transition elements may be strictly defined as those that, as
elements have partly filled d or f shells.
 Here we shall adopt a slightly broader definition and include also
elements that have partly filled d & f shells in any of their
commonly occurring oxidation state
 This means that we treat the coinage metals ,Cu, Ag, and Au, as
transition metals ,since Cu11 has a 3d9 Ag11 has a 4d9 and Au111 a
5d8configuration
 INTRODUCTION TO TRANSITION METALS
 Transition metals are elements of the d block that form compounds where electrons from d orbitals
are ionized or otherwise involved in bonding.
 They have distinct chemical characteristics resulting from the progressive filling of the d shells.
 Typical transition metal characteristics include:

 The possibility of variable oxidation states;

 Compounds with spectroscopic, magnetic or structural features resulting from partially occupied d
orbitals;
 An extensive range of complexes and

 Organometallic compounds including ones with very low oxidation state (zero or even negative); and
 Useful catalytic properties shown by metals and by solid or molecular compounds.
 Horizontal trends Vertical trends
• Elements of the 3d series are chemically very
• Electropositive character declines different from those in the 4d & 5dseries,
towards the right of each series. • showing weaker metallic and covalent bonding,
Elements become less • stronger oxidizing properties in high oxidation states,
• reactive and their compounds show a • the occurrence of many more compounds with
tendency towards ‘softer’ behavior. unpaired electrons.
Later elements in • The smaller size of the 3d orbitals compared with 4d
& 5d has some important consequences.
• the 4dand 5dseries are relatively more
• Electron repulsion is large between electrons in
inert. 3dorbitals.
• Exchange energy effects are more significant
• successive ionization energies (IEs) rise more sharply
• 3d orbitals are not much larger than the 3porbitals of
the argon core (3p)6
• Good overlap with other atoms is hard to achieve,
and covalent or metallic bonding involving 3dorbitals
is weak compared with 4dand 5d.
 Electron configurations
• Neutral atoms have both s and d valence electrons, but
in chemically important states are often regarded as
having purely dn configurations.
• Electron configurations of the neutral atoms are
complex and have both d and s electrons in outer
shells. For example, in the 3d series most atoms have
the configuration (3d)n (4s)2, where n increases from
one to 10;
• chromium and copper are, however, exceptions with
(3d)5 (4s)1 and (3d)10 (4s)1, respectively. The
configurations depend on a balance of two factors:
 d-Block metals versus transition elements
• The three rows of d-block metals are shown in the schematic periodic table at the
beginning of the chapter.
• The term ‘transition elements (metals)’ is also widely used, but ‘d-block metal’ and
‘transition element’ are not interchangeable.
• A transition element is one for which an atom has an incomplete d-subshell, or which
gives rise to a cation with an incomplete d-subshell,†
• and thus elements in group 12 (which are within the d-block) are not transition
elements.
• The elements in the f-block are sometimes called inner transition elements.
• Throughout our discussions, we shall use the terms d-block and f-block metals, so
being consistent with the use of the terms s-block and p-block elements
• each group of d-block metals consists of three
membersand is called atriad;
• metals of the second and third rows are
sometimes called the heavier d-block metals;
• . Ru, Os, Rh, Ir, Pd and Pt are collectively known
as the platinum-group metals.
• To a first approximation, the observed ground state electronic
configurations of the first, second and third rowd-block
• metal atoms correspond to the progressive filling of the 3d,
• 4dand 5datomic orbitals respectively (Table 1.3). However,
• there are minor deviations from this pattern, e.g. in the first
• row, the ground state of chromium is [Ar]4s
• 1
• 3d
• 5
 Physical properties
• In this section, we consider physical properties of thed-block
• metals (see cross references inSection 19.1for further
• details); an extended discussion of properties of the heavier
• metals is given inSection 22.1. Nearly all the d-block
• metals are hard, ductile and malleable, with high electrical
• and thermal conductivities. With the exceptions of Mn, Zn,
• Cd and Hg, at room temperature, the metals possess one
• of the typical metal structures (seeTable 5.2). The metallic
• radii (r
• show little variation across a given row of thed-block;
• . are greater for second and third row metals than for first
• row metals:
• . are similar for the second and third row metals in a given
• triad.
• This last observation is due to the so-calledlanthanoid
contraction(the steady decrease in size along the 14 lanthanoid
• metals between La and Hf; seeSection 24.3).
• Metals of thed-block are (with the exception of the group