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    Quantum Mechanical Treatment & Exchange Interactions: M.Phil. Physics

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    abdul manan
    The document discusses the quantum mechanical exchange interaction, which occurs between identical particles. It affects the expectation value of distance between particles. For fermions like electrons, the exchange interaction increases the distance due to Pauli repulsion, while for bosons it decreases the distance and can cause condensation. It arises due to the antisymmetric or symmetric nature of particle wavefunctions upon exchange. The exchange interaction is responsible for phenomena like ferromagnetism but is not a true force.

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    Quantum Mechanical Treatment & Exchange Interactions: M.Phil. Physics

    Uploaded by

    abdul manan
    70 views11 pages
    The document discusses the quantum mechanical exchange interaction, which occurs between identical particles. It affects the expectation value of distance between particles. For fermions like electrons, the exchange interaction increases the distance due to Pauli repulsion, while for bosons it decreases the distance and can cause condensation. It arises due to the antisymmetric or symmetric nature of particle wavefunctions upon exchange. The exchange interaction is responsible for phenomena like ferromagnetism but is not a true force.

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    magnetic materilas

    Original Title

    Exchange Interaction

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    The document discusses the quantum mechanical exchange interaction, which occurs between identical particles. It affects the expectation value of distance between particles. For fermions like electrons, the exchange interaction increases the distance due to Pauli repulsion, while for bosons it decreases the distance and can cause condensation. It arises due to the antisymmetric or symmetric nature of particle wavefunctions upon exchange. The exchange interaction is responsible for phenomena like ferromagnetism but is not a true force.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    70 views11 pages

    Quantum Mechanical Treatment & Exchange Interactions: M.Phil. Physics

    Uploaded by

    abdul manan
    The document discusses the quantum mechanical exchange interaction, which occurs between identical particles. It affects the expectation value of distance between particles. For fermions like electrons, the exchange interaction increases the distance due to Pauli repulsion, while for bosons it decreases the distance and can cause condensation. It arises due to the antisymmetric or symmetric nature of particle wavefunctions upon exchange. The exchange interaction is responsible for phenomena like ferromagnetism but is not a true force.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 11

    Quantum Mechanical

    Treatment & Exchange


    Interactions
    M.Phil. Physics
    EXCHANGE
    INTERACTION

    • The exchange interaction (with an


    exchange energy and exchange term) is a
    quantum mechanical effect that only occurs
    between identical particles.
    • The effect is due to the wave function of
    indistinguishable particles being subject to
    exchange symmetry,
    • That is, either remaining unchanged (symmetric) or
    changing sign (Antisymmetric) when two particles
    are exchanged.
    Both bosons and fermions can experience the
    exchange interaction.
    • For fermions, this interaction is sometimes called Pauli
    repulsion and is related to the Pauli exclusion principle.
    • For bosons, the exchange interaction takes the form of an
    effective attraction that causes identical particles to be found
    closer together, as in Bose–Einstein condensation.
    • The exchange interaction alters the expectation value of the
    distance when the wave functions of two or more
    indistinguishable particles overlap.
    • This interaction increases (for fermions) or decreases (for
    bosons) the expectation value of the distance between
    identical particles (compared to distinguishable
    particles).
    • Among other consequences, the exchange interaction is
    responsible for ferromagnetism .
    • Exchange interaction effects were discovered
    independently by physicists Werner heisenberg and
    Paul Dirac in 1926.
    • The exchange interaction is sometimes called the exchange
    force. However, it is not a true force and should not be
    confused with the exchange forces
    produced by the exchange of force carriers, such as the
    electromagnetic force produced between two electrons by
    the exchange of a photon, or the strong force between two
    quarks produced by the exchange of a gluon.
    • QUANTUM MECHANICAL PARTICLES ARE CLASSIFIED AS BOSONS OR FERMIONS. THE
    SPIN– STATISTICS THEOREM OF QUANTUM FIELD THEORY DEMANDS THAT ALL
    PARTICLES
    WITH HALF-INTEGER SPIN BEHAVE AS FERMIONS AND ALL PARTICLES WITH INTEGER
    SPIN BEHAVE AS BOSONS.
    • MULTIPLE BOSONS MAY OCCUPY THE SAME QUANTUM STATE; HOWEVER, BY THE
    PAULI EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE, NO TWO FERMIONS CAN OCCUPY THE SAME STATE.
    • SINCE ELECTRONS HAVE SPIN 1/2, THEY ARE FERMIONS. THIS MEANS THAT THE
    OVERALL WAVE FUNCTION OF A SYSTEM MUST BE ANTISYMMETRIC WHEN TWO
    ELECTRONS ARE EXCHANGED, I.E. INTERCHANGED WITH RESPECT TO BOTH
    SPATIAL AND SPIN COORDINATES. FIRST, HOWEVER, EXCHANGE WILL BE EXPLAINED
    WITH THE NEGLECT OF SPIN.
    EXCHANGE OF SPATIAL
    COORDINATES
    • TAKING A HYDROGEN MOLECULE-LIKE SYSTEM (I.E. ONE WITH TWO
    ELECTRONS), ONE MAY ATTEMPT TO MODEL THE STATE OF EACH ELECTRON
    BY FIRST ASSUMING THE ELECTRONS BEHAVE INDEPENDENTLY, AND TAKING
    WAVE FUNCTIONS IN POSITION SPACE.
    • HAMILTONIAN BETWEEN TWO ELECTRONS IN ORBITALS ΦA AND ΦB CAN BE
    WRITTEN IN TERMS OF THEIR SPIN MOMENTA S(A) AND S(B) .THIS IS NAMED
    THE HEISENBERG EXCHANGE HAMILTONIAN OR THE HEISENBERG–DIRAC
    HAMILTONIAN IN THE OLDER LITERATURE:

    • JAB IS TERMED THE EXCHANGE CONSTANT.

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