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    Magnets

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    Saba Qamar
    Ferromagnetism arises due to quantum mechanical exchange forces between electron spins. The original mechanism of exchange interaction, proposed by Heisenberg in 1928, describes how electrostatic forces between electrons on the same atom couple their spin states. This coupling energy between electron spins is equivalent to an interaction that can give rise to ferromagnetism. The alignment of these tiny electron dipoles within atoms produces large internal magnetic fields characteristic of ferromagnetic materials.

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    Magnets

    Uploaded by

    Saba Qamar
    21 views3 pages
    Ferromagnetism arises due to quantum mechanical exchange forces between electron spins. The original mechanism of exchange interaction, proposed by Heisenberg in 1928, describes how electrostatic forces between electrons on the same atom couple their spin states. This coupling energy between electron spins is equivalent to an interaction that can give rise to ferromagnetism. The alignment of these tiny electron dipoles within atoms produces large internal magnetic fields characteristic of ferromagnetic materials.

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    Magnets

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    Ferromagnetism arises due to quantum mechanical exchange forces between electron spins. The original mechanism of exchange interaction, proposed by Heisenberg in 1928, describes how electrostatic forces between electrons on the same atom couple their spin states. This coupling energy between electron spins is equivalent to an interaction that can give rise to ferromagnetism. The alignment of these tiny electron dipoles within atoms produces large internal magnetic fields characteristic of ferromagnetic materials.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    21 views3 pages

    Magnets

    Uploaded by

    Saba Qamar
    Ferromagnetism arises due to quantum mechanical exchange forces between electron spins. The original mechanism of exchange interaction, proposed by Heisenberg in 1928, describes how electrostatic forces between electrons on the same atom couple their spin states. This coupling energy between electron spins is equivalent to an interaction that can give rise to ferromagnetism. The alignment of these tiny electron dipoles within atoms produces large internal magnetic fields characteristic of ferromagnetic materials.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Quantum Mechanical Exchange Forces,

    involving the spins of the electrons, are


    responsible for the phenomenon of
    Ferromagnetism.
    Ferromagnetism arises due to quantum
    mechanical exchange forces.
    The mechanism of exchange interaction, as
    originally proposed by Heisenberg in 1928, is
    one in which the forces involved are electrostatic
    in origin, but which, because of the constraints
    imposed by Pauli Exclusion Principle, are
    formally equivalent to a very large coupling
    between the electron spins.
    Consider two electrons with two spin states
    (up and down) each on different orbitals on the
    same atom. Their spins can couple to form three
    triplet and one singlet state. The triplet states
    are symmetrical with respect to the interchange
    of the two electrons whereas the singlet state is
    anti-symmetrical.
    Since only states whose overall symmetry is
    anti-symmetrical are allowed in nature (due to
    the Pauli Exclusion Principle), the spin triplet
    states can only be combined with the orbital

    symmetric state, and the singlet spin state with


    the orbital symmetric state.
    Although simple product of two electron
    (orbital) states has the same energy if the
    electrons are interchanged (one electron being
    considered exactly the same as the other
    electron), the symmetric or anti symmetric
    combinations formed from these products no
    longer have the same energy, because the
    symmetrical solution allows the wave function to
    have a large amplitude if the two electrons are at
    the same point, while the anti-symmetrical wave
    function then vanishes. Thus electrostatic
    repulsive energy between the two electrons is
    larger in the first case than in the second.
    Because of the association of orbital and
    spin states mentioned above, the energy
    difference between orbital states of different
    symmetry gets associated with an energy
    difference between the spin-singlet and the spintriplet situations. This is tantamount to
    introduction of a coupling energy between the
    electron spins which is of the right form and
    magnitude to give rise to Ferromagnetism.

    The electron itself being a spinning charged


    body acts like a spinning dipole (magnet). These
    tiny internal spinning dipoles can interact and
    get aligned to produce very large internal
    magnetic fields which are usually found in
    Ferromagnets.
    The original Heisenberg model, with the
    spins localized on the same atom, is a good
    approximation in an ionic solid.
    For Ni, Co or Fe, which are metals, an
    improved model, in which the conduction
    electrons serve as a medium through which an
    interaction is transmitted between spins (which
    are localized), is used.
    (Ref: Electricity and Magnetism, Bleaney and
    Bleaney, Oxford,1966, pp 650-1)

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