Vector Calculus
Vector Calculus
Vector Calculus
3
Curl
If F = P i + Q j + R k is a vector field on and the partial
derivatives of P, Q, and R all exist, then the curl of F is the
vector field on defined by
4
Curl
It has meaning when it operates on a scalar function to
produce the gradient of f :
5
Curl
6
Example 1
If F(x, y, z) = xz i + xyz j – y2 k, find curl F.
Solution:
Using Equation 2, we have
7
Example 1 – Solution cont’d
8
Curl
Recall that the gradient of a function f of three variables is a
vector field on and so we can compute its curl.
9
Curl
Since a conservative vector field is one for which F = f,
Theorem 3 can be rephrased as follows:
10
Curl
The converse of Theorem 3 is not true in general, but the
following theorem says the converse is true if F is defined
everywhere. (More generally it is true if the domain is
simply-connected, that is, “has no hole.”)
11
Curl
The reason for the name curl is that the curl vector is
associated with rotations.
Another occurs when F represents the velocity field in fluid
flow. Particles near (x, y, z) in the fluid tend to rotate about
the axis that points in the direction of curl F(x, y, z), and the
length of this curl vector is a measure of how quickly the
particles move around the axis (see Figure 1).
Figure 1 12
Curl
If curl F = 0 at a point P, then the fluid is free from rotations
at P and F is called irrotational at P.
13
Divergence
14
Divergence
If F = P i + Q j + R k is a vector field on and ∂P/∂x,
∂Q/∂y, and ∂R/∂z exist, then the divergence of F is the
function of three variables defined by
15
Divergence
In terms of the gradient operator
= (∂/∂x) i + (∂/∂y) j + (∂/∂z) k, the divergence of F can be
written symbolically as the dot product of and F:
16
Example 4
If F(x, y, z) = xz i + xyz j + y2 k, find div F.
Solution:
By the definition of divergence (Equation 9 or 10) we have
div F = F
= z + xz
17
Divergence
If F is a vector field on , then curl F is also a vector field
on . As such, we can compute its divergence.
20
Divergence
We can also apply the Laplace operator 2 to a vector field
F=Pi+Qj+Rk
21
Vector Forms of Green’s Theorem
22
Vector Forms of Green’s Theorem
The curl and divergence operators allow us to rewrite
Green’s Theorem in versions that will be useful in our later
work.
23
Vector Forms of Green’s Theorem
Its line integral is
24
Vector Forms of Green’s Theorem
Therefore
25
Vector Forms of Green’s Theorem
Equation 12 expresses the line integral of the tangential
component of F along C as the double integral of the
vertical component of curl F over the region D enclosed by
C. We now derive a similar formula involving the normal
component of F.
26
Vector Forms of Green’s Theorem
You can verify that the outward unit normal vector to C is
given by
Figure 2
27
Vector Forms of Green’s Theorem
Then, from equation
we have
by Green’s Theorem. 28
Vector Forms of Green’s Theorem
But the integrand in this double integral is just the
divergence of F. So we have a second vector form of
Green’s Theorem.