CATEGORIES OF

COMPUTER HARDWARE
Reported
Reported by:
by: Almonicar,
Almonicar, Shovie
Shovie &
& Arias,
Arias, Hazel
Hazel Leah
Leah
Khae
Khae
 01
THE
HARDWAR
COMP
E
UTER
 THE COMPUTER HARDWARE

Hardware is the physical equipment which includes the input devices,

central processing unit, and output devices.

Input Devices Central Processing Unit Output Devices

 THE COMPUTER HARDWARE

INPUT DEVICES
 Motherboard
 The input devices are used to input  Power Supply
data into the computer.  Case Fan, Power Cable and SATA Cable
 LAN Card
 Graphics/Video/Sound Card
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
 Hard Disk Drive
 It is the brain of the computer. It is
 Optical Drive or CD/DVD-ROM Drive
stored inside the computer case placed
 Ports and Wires
in a slot within the motherboard
together with other components:
 THE COMPUTER HARDWARE

OUTPUT DEVICES
 The output devices allow the user to
see the result of the data that has been Computer memory that stores data are:
processed.  Random Access Memory or RAM which is
the main memory
Storage devices are used to store the data
Storage devices may either be internally  Read Only Memory or ROM which is a
installed in the CPU or removable. memory on which data have been
 Hard Drive prerecorded.
 Compact Disk Read Only Memory or
CD ROM
 DVD
 Flash Drive
02
IN
DEVICES
PU
T
 INPUT DEVICES

Input devices allow people to interact with a computer. They allow

users to input selected data into the computer processing.
 INPUT DEVICES

MOUSE
 The mouse acts as the pointing device that
you can use to choose programs and files
to open, functions to activate, to determine
a typing or drawing starting point, function
selection and to scroll page up and down.
 INPUT DEVICES

KEYBOARD
 A computer input device modeled from the
keys of a typewriter. It is an arrangement
of keys or button where characters are
printed.
 INPUT DEVICES

SCANNER
 The image scanner is a computer input
device that scans and copies images,
objects, texts, handwriting and converted
them as digital image.
 INPUT DEVICES

GRAPHICS AND INPUT DEVICES

 There are many ways to produce and
interact with screen graphics. Aside from
the mouse, there is digitizing tablet that
allows you to create your own images.
 INPUT DEVICES

WEB CAMERA
 Webcam can be used for video
conferencing with friends, relatives or
business associates allowing the
participants to see each other.
 INPUT DEVICES

GAME PAD
 The game pad, also called joy pad or
control pad functions as handheld game
controller for computer games.
 INPUT DEVICES

JOYSTICK
 The joystick is a computer input device
used as a control device that pivots around
so that no one could move in any direction.
 INPUT DEVICES

TRACKBALL
 A variation on the mouse is the trackball.
You may have used a trackball to play a
video game. The trackball is like an
upside-down mouse where you roll the ball
directly with your fingers.
 INPUT DEVICES

MICROPHONE
 An input device connected to the computer
to the sound card via microphone port.
03
OU
DEVICES
TP
UT
 OUPUT DEVICES

MONITOR
 The monitor is an output device that
functions as a visual unit for images text,
or graphics generated by the computer
 OUPUT DEVICES

PRINTER
 A computer output device that produces a
permanent or hard copy human readable
text and/or graphics of documents stored
in the computer.
 OUPUT DEVICES

FOUR KINDS OF PRINTER

 FOUR KINDS OF PRINTER

DOT MATRIX PRINTER

 Is a computer printer that prints by
hammering or striking an ink-soaked cloth
ribbon against a paper.
 FOUR KINDS OF PRINTER

LASER JET PRINTER

 Is a computer printer that produces high
quality prints of text or graphics on plain
paper. Laser Jet printers have faster speed
than dot matrix printer and inkjet printer.
 FOUR KINDS OF PRINTER

INK JET PRINTER

 Is a computer printer most common for
general use at home or at the office.
 FOUR KINDS OF PRINTER

PLOTTER
 Is a printing device that operates by
moving set of four pens in different colors
over a paper surface and can also have
shading features.
 OUPUT DEVICES

SPEAKERS
 Computer speakers are your audio output
for music, video, and computer alerts.
 OUPUT DEVICES

TERMINALS
 Terminal screen may be the monitor of
self-contained personal computer, or it
may be part of a terminal that is one of
many terminals attached to a large
computer.
 OUPUT DEVICES

VOICE OUTPUT
 Speech synthesis is the process of enabling machines
to talk to people. Machine voices are not real human
voices but a product of voice synthesizers which are
also called voice output devices or audio response unit.
 OUPUT DEVICES

MUSIC OUTPUT
 Music is created by a sound card installed
internally in the computer and attached to
speakers.
 OUPUT DEVICES

COMPUTER GRAPHICS

 Computer graphics can also be found in

education, computer art, science sports,
business, etc.
STORAGE DEVICES
Reported
Reported by:
by: Atil,
Atil, Moisessa
Moisessa &
& Baco,
Baco, Zylle
Zylle
WHAT IS STORAGE DEVICE?
 STORAGE DEVICES

 A piece of computer equipment on

which information can be stored.

 There are many available storage

devices that are commonly used
due to their movability.
 STORAGE DEVICES

FLOPPY DISK
 A small capacity storage devices inside a
plastic case accessible by a floppy disk
drive.

 It comes in 3 ½ inch size and a capacity of

1.44 MB (Megabyte).
 STORAGE DEVICES

OPTICAL DISC
 Optical Media or optical discs are storage media that use laser
technology to store data onto a circular plastic or metallic disc.

 The data in the disc are accessed by the use of an Optical Disk
Drive(ODD).
 STORAGE DEVICES

COMPACT DISC
 Also commonly known as the CD, is the most widely used optical
disc with a standard capacity of around 700 MB(megabytes).

Three types of CD:

1. CD-ROM’s
2. CDRs
3. Rewritable CD
 STORAGE DEVICES

CD-ROM’s (Compact Disc-Read

Only Memory)

 CD’s with pre-installed data such as music, movies, and

programs.

 Data or information inside could not be altered and are

only available for access or reading.

 Read by an optical disk drive or a CD drive.

 STORAGE DEVICES

CD-R or Compact Disk

Recordable

 A CD where one can store or write data using CD writer and once written
into the CD, it stays there permanently.

 Also known as “write once” CD.

 Used to store data such as music, movies, word processing and

spreadsheet files, and other future access.
 STORAGE DEVICES

CD-RW

 Also known as Re-writable CD.

 CD where in data stored inside can be altered, erased, and

then saved again.

 Versatile disc , can used as temporary storage for work in

progress.
 STORAGE DEVICES

BLU-RAY

 A high definition, high capacity data and video

storage device.

 Blue laser is used too read and write to the disk

that is why called Blu-ray.
 STORAGE DEVICES

DIGITAL VERSATILE DISC (DVD)

 Better than CDs in terms of capacity, look like

CD but has a capacity of 4.7 GB, which is 17
times the capacity of a CD.

 DVDs can be accessed by the of DVD drive;

most DVD drives can also read CDs.
 STORAGE DEVICES

DVD-ROM(DVD-READ ONLY MEMORY)

 Used extensively to distribute movies, since a full length movie

can be stored in one DVD.

 The music and videos quality is a lot better compared to CD-

ROMs and is comparable to those we view on wide screen
theaters .

 Data stored DVD-ROM cannot be changed. It can only be read

or play.
 STORAGE DEVICES

DVD RECORDABLE

 Has two formats, the DVD-R and DVD+R ;

these are competing recording formats for
DVD.

 Data is now permanently stored into the DVD.

 STORAGE DEVICES

DVD REWRITABLE OR DVD-RW

DVD in which stored data can be altered, erased and re-
stored into the DVD.

This is a versatile DVD especially “projects in progress” so

that future insertions and alteration may be possible.
 STORAGE DEVICES

MINI CD AND MINI DVD

 Are CDs and DVDs in a smaller size format also known as the 3-
inch CDs or DVDs.

 Function just like the standard CDs and DVDs but smaller
capacity.

 They also come in CD-ROM, CD-R, and CD-Writable ; or DVD-

ROM,DVD-R, and DVD-Writable.
 STORAGE DEVICES

HIGH CAPACITY OPTICAL MEDIA

 Blu-Ray Disc(BD) is a new generation optical disc, with the same
dimension looks as a DVD or CD, but has a high capacity.

 Blu-Ray still uses laser technology but of a different wavelength

than the one used for a CD and a DVD, which called Blue laser
(real color of a ray is violet).

 Blu-Ray can store 25 to 50 GB of data which is between 5 and 10

times compared to DVD.
 STORAGE DEVICES

External DVD Drives

 Use smaller and compact mobile computers such as the

subnotebooks and netbooks, which do not have CD or
DVD drives
 STORAGE DEVICES

Hard Disks
 Almost all personal computers use the had
disk as the main storage where data and
programs are saved, retrieved, modified, then
stored again for future use. It is directly
connected to the motherboard by a data cable.
Hard disk is a non-volatile.
 STORAGE DEVICES

 Hard disk has significantly a lot of storage space and

processes (read and write) data faster.

 Hard disk has magnetized disk inside ,stacked one after

another, where data are recorded by magnetizing.
 STORAGE DEVICES

Application and Characteristics of Hard Disks

 Hard disk provides the permanent storage for the operating

system, application programs, and data when the computer is
turned off. The criteria to look for a good hard disk are the
following:
 STORAGE DEVICES

1. STORAGE CAPACITY
 Hard disk today have storage capacities starting 80 gigabyte to few
terabytes. The higher the capacity the better it is because this can
store more data and programs without the need for additional
storage.
 STORAGE DEVICES

2. ROTATION SPEED
 The platter rotate at very high speed with current hard disk
rate of 5400 to 7200 revolutions per minute (rpm). The faster
the rotations of the hard drive, the better, since this would
mean faster seek time and faster data transfer rate.
 STORAGE DEVICES

3. WIRING CONNECTION

 Connection of the hard disk to the CPU motherboard is either

Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE), also known as Parallel Advanced
Technology Attachment (SATA) cable. The SATA technology has the
advantage of less cable bulk, fast data transfer, and low cost.
KINDS OF HARD DISK
 STORAGE DEVICES

1. INTERNAL HARD DISK

 Hard disk is usually associated with non-

volatile or permanent storage inside the
computer box, also called internal hard
disk.

 Hard disk gets its power source from

motherboard and is directly connected to
the CPU via data cable.
 STORAGE DEVICES

2. EXTERNAL HARD DISK

 External hard disk are hard disk with

enclosure made of plastic or metal, usually
aluminum. Enclosure to protect term from
shock and elements. Used for backup file.
 STORAGE DEVICES

 The popular size is either the 3.5 inch, used for desktop computers , normally
requires external power to operate ; or the 2.5 inch, used for laptop computer
,simply connects to the computer via the USB port without additional external
power.

 External Hard disk is used as offline storage for less frequently used such as
movies, music and archived documents.
 STORAGE DEVICES

FLASH MEMORY
 Is a non-volatile memory that can be electrically erased and
reprogrammed which is used for general purpose storage and data
transfer used in cellular phones, digital camera, video games and more.
Offers low cost, high re-record ability, power-free storage, small form
factor, fast data transfer.
KINDS OF FLASH MEMORY
 STORAGE DEVICES

1. FLASH DRIVE

 USB Flash Drive is a flash memory storage

device with a USB connector, having a capacity
of 4GB to 128GB.

 Durable, more reliable in data storage, a lot

smaller compared to floppy disk, have large data
capacity, fast, and cheaper in term of cost per
memory space .
 STORAGE DEVICES

2. SOLID STATE DRIVE (SSD)

 Solid State Drive has the same

characteristic of a flash drive but it has
more memory capacity and is used as an
alternative to hard disk drives.

 Advantage of having no moving parts and

therefore it is resistant to movements and
shock, run silently, have faster access time
and can be manufactured in smaller
packaging.
 STORAGE DEVICES

 Commonly used in tablets, and ultra-thin computers.

 Are three to four time more expensive than the hard disk.
 STORAGE DEVICES

3. MEMORY CARDS

 Memory Cards are solid-state electronic data storage devices that use flash
memory.

 Is a non-volatile ,memory that can electrically erased and programmed. It

classified as a general purpose storage and data transfer used in cellular
phones, digital cameras, video games.
MOST POPULAR CARDS
 STORAGE DEVICES

A. COMPACT FLASH (CF)

 Was produced in 1994 by SanDisk. It is a
flash memory mass storage device mostly
used in digital camera that has high
memory capacity and reliability.

 The ruggedness and toughness of this card

makes it a better choice by photographers
“out the field”.
 STORAGE DEVICES

B. MEMORY STICK
 Another model ,manufactured by Sony in
1998 for its range of products including
digital camera, video camera, cellular
phones, PSP.

 This memory card comes in several types

as follows: Memory stick PRO, Memory
stick Duo, Memory stick Pro Duo, and
Memory stick PRO-HG, are same
dimension of 31.0x20.0x1.6 mm and
Memory stick Micro with a dimension of
15.0x12.5x1.2 mm.
 STORAGE DEVICES

C. MULTIMEDIA CARD (MMC)

 Standard flash memory card mostly used
in cellular phones introduced by Siemens
AG and SanDisk in 1997. Dimension of 24
mmx 32 mmx 1.4 mm which is as big as a
postage stamp.

 Variants to this card include ReducedSize

MultiMediaCard (RS-MMC) which is half
the size of regular MMC, Dual-Voltage, to
reduce power consumption; and then the
newer MMCplus and MMCmobile both
offers dual volotage and other capabilities.
 STORAGE DEVICES

 The smallest is the MMCmicro which is only has a dimension of 14 mmx

12 mmx 1.1 mm or called the micro size, this version however, is not the
same as the MicroSD card.
 STORAGE DEVICES

D. Secure Digital (SD)

 Flash memory card with a dimension of 24
mmx32 mmx 2.1 mm. This card was
developed by Panasonic, SanDisk and
Toshiba in 1999 to be used for digital
cameras, mobile phones, video game and
GPS receivers. High capacity formats of this
card are called SDHC (SD High Capacity).
However, some older gadgets cannot read
the SDHC which often requires a SDHC
firmware generally not found in older
devices.
 STORAGE DEVICES

E. MiniSD CARD
 Is a card for use for with cell phones,
digital cameras and MP3 Players.
Released by SanDisk 2003, it has a small
form factor and a dimension of 21.5 x 20 x
1.4 mm. These cards can be used in
gadgets that used SD cards by using an
adaptor.
 STORAGE DEVICES

F. MicroSD CARD
 Is the smallest removable flash memory in
the market, almost the size of the fingernail
at 15 mm x 11 mm x 0.7 mm designed for
used in cellular phones.
STORAGE CAPACITY
 STORAGE DEVICES

Data in digital computer system is represented in binary digits

called bits or 0s and 1s in a binary system. All data and information
(text, images, and video) in a binary system are represented and
stored as a string of bits. Computers only understand binary digit and
inside the computer, data is represented as 0, 1 or strings of 0s and
1s.
 STORAGE DEVICES

Each character of the alphabet and the numbers represented by

a byte. A byte is a unit of information that is equal to 8 bits. For
example, letter A is represented 00000001. Other letters and
numbers have their corresponding 8 bits of 0s and 1s. The table
below summarizes the storage capacity.
STORAGE DEVICES
HEIRARCHY OF STORAGE

PRIMARY MEMORY

SECONDARY STORAGE

TERTIARY STORAGE

OFF-LINE STORAGE
 STORAGE DEVICES

PRIMARY MEMORY

 Primary memory is computer memory that

is accessed directly by the CPU. This
includes several types of memory, such as
the processor, cache and system ROM.
However, in most cases, primary memory
refers to system RAM.
 STORAGE DEVICES

SECONDARY STORAGE

 This refers to the storage that is not directly

accessible by the CPU. The most common
secondary storage is the hard disk inside the CPU.
The secondary storage like hard disk is non-
volatile which means that it does not lose its data
when the power is shut down. Data inside the
secondary storage is accessed by the CPU using
its input and output channels and are transferred
to the primary memory for processing.
 STORAGE DEVICES

TERTIARY STORAGE

 This refers to the storage used for very

large volume of data that are stored for
future use. Low cost is the defining
characteristic of tertiary storage.
 Generally, tertiary storage is built using
removable media. Common examples of
removable media are floppy disks and CD-
ROMs; other types are available.
 STORAGE DEVICES

OFF-LINE STORAGE

 Offline Storage is a term that used to

describe any storage medium that must be
physically inserted into the computer every
time the user wants to access or edit data.
It can be any time of internal or
external storage which the user can easily
remove from the computer.
Example: USB
STORAGE CHARACTERISTICS

PERFORMANCE

ACCESSIBILITY

VOLATILITY
 PERFORMANCE

THROUGHPUT
 is the amount of data moved successfully from one place to another in a given time
period, and typically measured in bits per second (bps), as in megabits per second
(Mbps) or gigabits per second (Gbps).
 LATENCY

In computer networking, latency is an expression

of how much time it takes for a data packet to travel
from one designated point to another. One of the major
reasons for poor latency is geography. 
 CAPACITY

Capacity is the complex measurement of the maximum amount of

data that may be transferred between network locations over a link or
network path. Because of the amount of intertwined measurement variables
and scenarios, actual network capacity is rarely accurate.
 ACCESSIBILITY

RANDOM ACCESS

To a file means that the computer system can read or write

information anywhere in the data files. This type of operation is
also called “Direct Access” because the computer system
knows where the data is stored (using Indexing) and hence
goes “directly” and reads the data.
 SEQUENTIAL ACCESS

To a data file means that the computer system

reads or writes information to the file sequentially,
starting from the beginning of the file and
proceeding step by step.
 VOLATILITY

VOLATILE

Volatile (from the Latin "volatilis" meaning "to fly")is an adjective used to describe something

unstable or changeable. In computers, volatile is used to describe memory content that is lost when
the power is interrupted or switched off. Your computer's ordinary memory (or RAM )
is volatile memory.
Examples of volatile memory:
 System RAM (DRAM)
 Video RAM (VRAM)
 Processor L1 and L2 cache
 HDD and SSD disk cache
 NON-VOLATILE MEMORY

Non-volatile memory (NVM) is a type of memory that retains stored data after the
power is turned off. Unlike volatile memory, it does not require an electric charge to
maintain the storage state. Only reading and writing data to non-volatile memory requires
power.
Examples of non-volatile memory are
listed below:
 Hard disk drive (HDD)
 Solid state drive (SSD)
 Flash drive (USB keychain)
 Optical media (CDs, DVDs, etc)
 Read-only memory (ROM)
 STORAGE DEVICES

SOLID STATE DRIVE (SSD)

Solid-state drives do not have moving parts because they do not

rely on spitting platters. Instead, data are pooled in an array of NAND
flash. A solid-state drive (SSD) is a new generation of storage device
used in computers. SSDs replace traditional mechanical hard disks by
using flash-based memory, which is significantly faster.
 STORAGE DEVICES

ADVANTAGE OF SSD OVER HDD

 Faster boot-up time of 20 seconds vs. 40 seconds (e.g. opening of

Windows 7).
 Faster data read/write speed of 200-1500 megabytes per second vs. 50-
200 megabytes per second.
 Can operate in temperatures below freezing point up to -55 °C, whereas
HDD can operate at 0 °C.
 Very small and lightweight.
 Consume less power which could contribute to longer battery life for
laptops.
 STORAGE DEVICES

DISADVANTAGE OF SSD

As of this writing, SSDs continue to decline in cost but is still 4 times more

expensive than a Hard Disk of the same capacity.

NAND Flash in SSDs has a finite number of times that you can write on it, though the

read does not contribute to the decay process, limiting their usefulness.

Manufacturers of SSDs use wear-leveling to show down degradation of NAND flash

by distributing evenly data written on SSD memory block. Still SSD decay over time.
STORAGE DEVICES
RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY

DYNAMIC RANDOM ACCESS

MEMORY (DRAM)

STATIC RANDOM ACCESS

MEMORY (SRAM)
 TYPES OF DRAM

1. FPM DRAM

Fast Page Model DRAM was used when

the processors were still the 386 and 486
computers. This is now considered obsolete
because this RAM operates in a memory bus
frequency below 66MHz.
 TYPES OF DRAM

2. EDO DRAM

Extended Data Output DRAM was used

to replace FPM DRAM in 1995. This provided
better speed performance over FPM DRAM.
This operates within the memory bus
frequency of 66MHz.
 TYPES OF DRAM

3. BEDO DRAM

Burst EDO DRAM can process four

memory address in one burst making it faster
than EDO RAM.
 TYPES OF DRAM

SDRAM
SDRAM stands for Synchronous Dynamic Random Access
Memory. SDRAM operates more efficiently as it works according to the
synchronization of the clock. This makes it easy to manage faster, and
the speed of the SDRAM measured in MHz instead of
nanoseconds. SDRAM introduced in 1969-70. It most widely used in
computers. Nowadays it is also used in other systems.
 TYPES OF DRAM

A. SDR SDRAM
Single Data Rate SDRAM use 168 pin DIMMs and are operating in the
clock rates of 66, 100, and 133MHz. This SDRAM is slower than the later DDR
since it can only accept one command and transfer one word of data per clock
cycle.
 TYPES OF DRAM

B. DDR SDRAM

Stands for "Double Data Rate." It is an advanced version of SDRAM, a type of

computer memory. DDR-SDRAM, sometimes called "SDRAM II," can transfer data twice
as fast as regular SDRAM chips. This is because DDR memory can send and receive
signals twice per clock cycle. The efficient operation of DDR-SDRAM makes the
memory great for notebook computers since it uses up less power.
 TYPES OF DRAM

C. DDR2
Stands for "Double Data Rate 2." DDR2 RAM is an improved version of DDR
 memory that is faster and more efficient. Like standard DDR memory, DDR2
memory can send data on both the rising and falling edges of the processor's
clock cycles. This nearly doubles the amount of work the RAM can do in a given
amount of time. DDR and DDR2 are also both types of SDRAM, which allows
them to run faster than conventional memory.
 TYPES OF DRAM

D. DDR3 SDRAM
DDR3 RAM is similar to DDR2 RAM, but uses roughly 30% less
power and can transfer data twice as fast. While DDR2 memory can
transfer data at up to 3200 Mbps (megabytes per second), DDR3
memory supports maximum data transfer rates of 6400 Mbps. This
means computers with DDR3 memory can transfer data to and from the 
CPU much faster than systems with DDR2 RAM.
 TYPES OF DRAM

E. DDR4 SDRAM

Stand for "Double Data Rate 4." A type of memory commonly used in desktop
 and laptop computers. It was introduced in 2014, though it did not gain widespread
adoption until 2016. Advantages include faster data transfer rates and larger
capacities, thanks to greater memory density and more memory banks (16 rather
than 8). DDR4 also operates at a lower voltage (1.2V compared to 1.5V), so it is
more power-efficient.
TYPES OF DRAM
 2. STATIC RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY
(SRAM)

SRAM is a type of RAM that stores data using a static method, in which the
data remains constant as long as electric power is supplied to the memory chip.
 TYPES OF SRAM

Synchronous RAM is the faster of the two, as it is able to synch

with the microprocessor or CPU’s clock speed. Asynchronous RAM
can’t do that, meaning that it can’t perform operations that are
determined and timed by the system clock. Other types of RAM have
to take over those tasks where asynchronous RAM is present.