Jet Engines

Jet Engines
The First Jets

Heinkel HE 178
Gloster Meteor
The Basics
Advantages of Jet Engines
• Are simpler in design

• Have fewer moving parts
• Are lighter
• Are easier to start
• Never run rough
• Never miss
• Less vibration
• Use less oil
• Require less maintenance (except for periodic inspections)
• Become more efficient the faster and higher you go
• Produce amazing power
All Airplane Engines
Accelerate Air
Jet engines:
1.Convert thermal energy (the burning and expansion of gases) into
mechanical energy by moving air
2.The mechanical energy directly creates thrust by accelerating and
converting a small volume of air into a larger and faster amount
The Jet Engine
A fan:
Uses a rotating set of blades to move air
A compressor:
Is a specialized set of blades that compresses air
A combustor:
The place where fuel and air are ignited
A turbine:
Is a set of blades that are rotated by rapid moving expanding air
A gas turbine engine:

Is an engine that uses expanding hot gases from combustion to rotate
a turbine or turbines
The Process of a Jet
The four main processes of an internal combustion engine are
suck, squeeze, burn, and blow.
Both piston engines (with fuel injection) and gas turbine engines go
through the same process to create thrust:
Event Name Jet Lingo

Intake air induction suck
Compress the air for more efficient compression squeeze
combustion
Inject fuel and burn the compressed combustion bang

mixture, which expands greatly
Exhaust the burned mixture exhaust blow
Compressor Section
Compressor section
In all internal combustion engines, compression puts a concentrated
charge of fuel and air in a small space:
•Compression greatly increases the efficiency of the engine
•A jet engine compressor consists of a rotating set or sets
of airfoil-shaped blades or a centrifugal pump that compresses air
Axial Flow Compressor
Bleed Air
Is air tapped out of an specific stage from the
compressor section
This air is usually used for the following systems:
Pressurization
Air Conditioning
Engine Anti-Ice
Wing Anti-Ice
Portable Water
Hydraulic Head Pressure
Engine Start
Combustor
The combustor section (burner can) is where the fuel and air mixture is burned.
There are various shapes to combustors:
•Combustors can be shaped like a donut that surrounds the
rotating shaft or shafts of the engine.
•Combustors can also be shaped like cans arranged in a circle

around the engine
Air enters the combustor through holes around the
outside:
•The pressure of the air just outside the burner can is the
highest pressure anywhere in the engine
•The air pressure must be greater than the pressure in the
burner can or else the air would not enter the burner can
Turbine and Exhaust
A turbine consists of airfoil-shaped blades attached to a wheel

that is rotated by moving air or gases (a windmill is a turbine):
•The gases shooting out of the combustor section of a jet engine turn
turbine wheel which is connected by a shaft to drive the
compressor
- There can be several sets of turbine blades
- Each set of blades is referred to as a turbine stage
•After the gases shoot through the turbine section they jet out
through the nozzle
- The exhaust nozzle is shaped so that escaping gases are
accelerated to produce thrust
•The thrust of a jet engine is measured in the pounds of pressure it
exerts to move the airplane forward
Turbine Section
Fanjet or Turbofan
An additional turbine section can be added to the rear of a turbojet engine.
This additional turbine section can be connected by a second shaft that is
concentric to the compressor shaft:
•This second shaft is connected to a fan at the front of the engine
•Some of the air from the fan is diverted to a duct that by-passes
the core of the engine
This by-pass air:
•Helps to provide thrust
•Forms an envelope of relatively cool air that
surrounds the hot air from the core of the engine
ºThis greatly reduces the noise created by the engine
The ratio of the air bypassing the core to the air going through the core is referred to
as the “bypass ratio”
When an engine has a fan at the front, the engine is referred to as a “fanjet” or
“turbofan” engine.
Advantages and Disadvantages
Fanjet - Turbofan
Advantages:
•Better takeoff performance
•Less noise
•Less susceptible to compressor stall
Disadvantages:
•Increased weight
•Increased complexity
•Reduced performance at higher
altitudes
Not your Cessna’s Tachometer…
In a jet there are two tachometers, or
spools
The spool that goes from •the fan at the far front of
the engine to the
•
far turbine section at the rear of the engine is
referred to as N1, or low pressure spool
The spool that goes from the first compressor stage

to the front turbine stages is referred to as N2 or
high pressure spool
Accessory Gear Box
The N2 or compressor spool drives the
accessory gearbox to power auxiliary
components:
•Oil pump
•Engine-driven fuel pump
•Hydraulic pump (if equipped)
•Starter-generator (if equipped)
Engine Temperature Limits
In addition to setting the allowable thrust based on

pressure or N1 limits, you also need to adhere to
engine temperature limits:
•Exceeding temperature limits, even for a very few
seconds, could result in serious heat damage to turbine
blades and other internal components of the engine
•Depending on the make and model, gas temperatures can

be measured at a number of different locations within the
engine
•Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT)—the temperature of the

exhaust gases as they enter the tail pipe, after passing through
the turbine
•Turbine Inlet Temperature (TIT)—the

temperature of the gases from the combustion
section of the engine as they enter the first
stage of the turbine:
•Interstage Turbine Temperature (ITT)—the temperature

of the gases between the high pressure and low pressure
turbine wheels
The Core
EPR
EPR
Engine
Engine
Parameters
Condition
Engine Components
Engine Components
Jet Blast
The CFM56-3

Jet Engines

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Jet Engines

The First Jets

• Are simpler in design

A gas turbine engine:

Event Name Jet Lingo

Inject fuel and burn the compressed combustion bang

This air is usually used for the following systems:

•Combustors can also be shaped like cans arranged in a circle

A turbine consists of airfoil-shaped blades attached to a wheel

The spool that goes from the first compressor stage

In addition to setting the allowable thrust based on

•Depending on the make and model, gas temperatures can

•Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT)—the temperature of the

•Turbine Inlet Temperature (TIT)—the

•Interstage Turbine Temperature (ITT)—the temperature

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