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Notational Analysis of Sport: Mike Hughes

This document provides an overview of notational analysis in sport science. Notational analysis objectively records an athlete's position, player, action, and time to quantify performance elements. It is used for coaching science and sports science. Early researchers in notation include Messerschmidt and Bucher (1939) and Reilly (1976). The document discusses fundamental elements of notation systems, purposes of notation including movement, tactical, and technical analysis, and the role of notation in the coaching process.

Uploaded by

Ong Kong Swee
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
245 views

Notational Analysis of Sport: Mike Hughes

This document provides an overview of notational analysis in sport science. Notational analysis objectively records an athlete's position, player, action, and time to quantify performance elements. It is used for coaching science and sports science. Early researchers in notation include Messerschmidt and Bucher (1939) and Reilly (1976). The document discusses fundamental elements of notation systems, purposes of notation including movement, tactical, and technical analysis, and the role of notation in the coaching process.

Uploaded by

Ong Kong Swee
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Notational Analysis

of Sport

Mike
Hughes

A lecture course for


Level 1 or Level 2
of a degree in
Sport Science
Notational Analysis
of Sport

This material is presented in a distance learning


and self development format. At certain stages,
tutorials with an experienced member of staff will
be a big help.

The reference text for the course is:-

Hughes, M. & Franks, I.M. (1997). Notational


Analysis of Sport. London: E. & F.N. Spon.

The presentations are strongly based on the


material in this book. The book should only be a
starting point for your search for further material.
The reference lists in the book will lead you to the
most relevant research for the sports of your
interest.
Notational Analysis
of Sport

Introduction
This lecture course in
Notational Analysis is
aimed to explain, in
varying stages:-

What is it?
Why do we use it?

Who has done research in it?


How can we design a system?

Where is the technology taking us?


Notational Analysis
of Sport

Definition

Notational Analysis is an
objective way of recording
performance so that key
elements of that performance
can be quantified in a valid
and consistent manner.
Notational Analysis
of Sport

Why?

•Coaching Science

•Sports Science
Notation Systems

Let us
examine
now the
fundamental
elements in
the design
of a system.

We will
examine
these in
more detail
later
Fundamental Elements
in Notation

Position

Divide playing
area into cells

Give each
area a code

It is always a
compromise
between
accuracy and
significance
Fundamental Elements
in Notation

Position
Player

•Give each player a code

•Usually their shirt number,

•if they have one


Fundamental Elements
in Notation
Position
Player
Action
What do you want to find
out about your sport

Look at the logic of the game

Decide on the actions…..

…and outcomes

Give them simple codes


Fundamental Elements
in Notation

Position
Player
Action
Time

Time code makes the


analysis more complex

Depending upon the


sport, can be difficult to
do in-event
Notational Analysis
of Sport

How? -

An objective recording of:


position

player

action

time
Notational Analysis
of Sport

Who?
Early researchers in notation:

 Messerschmit & Bucher (1939)


 Reep and Benjamin (1968)
 Downey (1973)
 Reilly (1976)
 Sanderson and Way (1977)

 We will review the work of the key


workers in this field
Notational Analysis
of Sport

We will examine where the


technology is taking this area
of sports science
We will be using both…...

Hand Notation
Hand Notation

•It requires simple


equipment

•It is cheap

•It can be very accurate

•It can be very time


consuming processing the
data
We will also be experiencing…….
Computerised
Notation

9000
8000
7000
6000
Frequency
5000
4000 1990
3000 1994
2000
1000
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 >8
Touches/Possession
Computerised
Notation
Can be difficult
and time-
consuming to
enter the data
Data output
immediate
Integration
with graphics
systems makes
output clearer
Moving
towards
integration
with video-
editing suites
Hand vs. Computer

Same process but


implement different
technologies

distinct advantages and


disadvantages
Purposes of
Notational Analysis
Movement analysis

Tactical analysis

Technical analysis

Database gathering

Modelling
Purposes of
Notational Analysis

Movement analysis

We measure:

distances moved,
velocities,
accelerations,
work rate
Purposes of
Notational Analysis

Tactical analysis

- patterns of play can define


success or lack of it
Purposes of
Notational Analysis

Technical analysis

- consistent errors, or success


can point to either technical
flaws or technical strengths
Purposes of
Notational Analysis

Modelling

- having sufficient data enables


models of performance to be
defined
Purposes of
Notational Analysis

Database

- creation of databases
enables prediction
The Coaching Process

Intervention to instigate
observable change in
behaviour
Analysis in the
Coaching Process
(Franks et al, 1983)

Coach
Observes

Athlete Coach Plans Coach


Performance conducts
Performs practice
Analysed practice

Past results
accounted
for
The Coaching Process

Intervention to instigate
observable change in
behaviour

•Objective performance
measures serve as basis for
future planning
The Need for
Feedback
HENCE …….It is vital to the
coaching process that feedback is
accurate

The bad news is that:-


Franks and Goodman
(1983)

 found that NGB coaches in


Canada remembered
correctly 30% of
performance…..

…..and
The Need for
Feedback

Hughes, C. (1981)

 Soccer coaches in England


remembered correctly
20% of performance
The Need for
Feedback
…..Worse still...

Franks and Miller (1986)

 found that International


level soccer coaches
recalled only 42% of key
factors that determined
successful performance

….further
The Need for
Objective Information

Franks (1993)

 Experienced gymnastic
coaches
 not sig. better in detection
of differences
 more false positives
 confidence in decisions
when wrong
Observation of
performance can
suffer from:

Memory Overload
Subjective Bias
Halo Effect
Leniency Error
Highlighting
Observation of
performance can
suffer from:

Memory Overload

 too many bits of


information
Observation of
performance can
suffer from:

Subjective Bias

 despite efforts at
objectivity coaches
decisions will be effected
Observation of
performance can
suffer from:

Halo Effect

 performances will be rated


higher, or lower, if the
performer starts
well……….

……..or badly
Observation of
performance can
suffer from:

Leniency Error

 coaches will over-rate a


very poor performance…...

……. and vice versa


Observation of
performance can
suffer from:

Highlighting

 coaches will remember key


elements of performance
but not the ‘bread and
butter’
The Coaching Process

A t h le te

C o a ch

S p o r t S c ie n tis t

The sports scientist enables the coach


to enhance the performance of the
athlete and/or team
Summary
Notational Analysis
of Sport

Why?

 coaching science

 sport science
Notational Analysis
of Sport

How?

 position

 player

 action

 time
Notational Analysis
of Sport

Who?
Early researchers:

 Messerschmidt and Bucher


(1939)

 Downey (1973)

 Reilly (1976)

 Sanderson (1983)
Notational Analysis
of Sport

Where?

We will discuss
later the latest
developments in
hardware and
software that
will shape
notation in the
future
Notational Analysis
of Sport

Mike Hughes

Sport Science - Level 1 or Level 2

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