Course title: Engineering materials (ChEg)

Information :
Instructor: Anteneh Wodaje
Office no : E014
Email : antenehwodaje@gmail.com
Class hour:
Office hour:

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 Evaluation: Project work 15%
Quiz 15%
Mid Semester 20%
Final 30%
Laboratory -
References books:
• William D. Callister, Materials Science and Engineering
• William F. Smith, Foundation of Materials Science and
Engineering
• James F.Shackelford, Introduction to Materials Science
for Engineers
• James Newell, Essentials of Modern Materials Science
and Engineering
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Course outline
• Introduction
• Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding
• Structure of crystalline solids
• Solidification and crystalline imperfections
• Mechanical properties of metals
• Applications and processing of metal alloys
• Corrosion and degradation of materials
• Ceramics
• Polymeric materials
Introduction
Historical perspective
Stone → Bronze → Iron → Advanced materials
• The Stone Age - ended about 5000 years ago with
introduction of Bronze in the Far East. Bronze is an alloy
(a metal made up of more than one element), copper + <
25% of tin + other elements. Bronze: can be hammered or
cast into a variety of shapes, can be made harder by
alloying, corrode only slowly after a surface oxide film
forms.
• The Iron Age - began about 3000 years ago and continues
today. Use of iron and steel, a stronger and cheaper
material changed drastically daily life of a person. 5
• Age of Advanced materials - throughout the Iron Age
many new types of materials have been introduced
(ceramic, semiconductors, polymers, composites…).
Understanding of the relationship among structure,
properties, processing, and performance of materials.
• A better understanding of structure-composition
properties relations has lead to a remarkable progress in
properties of materials.

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Materials Science and Engineering
• Materials Science – Investigating relationships that exist
between the structure and properties of materials
• Materials Engineering – Is, on the basis of these structure-
property correlations, designing or engineering the
structure of a material to produce a pre-determined set of
properties.
• The four components of the discipline of materials science
and engineering and their interrelationship.

processing structure properties performance

arrangement of The response

its internal of materials
components , to external
sub atomic stimuli
particles
Material science is the investigation of the relationship
among processing, structure, properties, and performance
of materials

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• Composition, Bonding, Crystal Structure and
Microstructure define Materials Properties
composition

bonding Crystal structure

Thermomechanical
Processing

Microstructure
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• the relationships of four components (processing,
structure, property and performance ), the structure of a
material will depend on how it is processed and
material’s performance will be a function of its properties
• All important properties of solid materials may be
grouped into six different categories:
 mechanical
 magnetic
 electrical
 thermal
 optical and deteriorative
For each property of material there is a characteristic type of
stimulus capable of provoking different responses
• Mechanical property- relate deformation to an applied load
or force; ex: elastic modulus and strength.
• electrical property- such as electrical conductivity and
dielectric constant, the stimulus is an electric field.
• thermal behaviour of solids can be represented in terms of
heat capacity and thermal conductivity.
• Magnetic property- demonstrate the response of a material to
the application of a magnetic field.
• optical property-, the stimulus is electromagnetic or light
radiation; index of refraction and reflectivity are
representative optical properties.
• deteriorative characteristics relate to the chemical
reactivity of materials
 Example : processing-structure-properties-performance
relations
• Properties depend on structure
example: hardness vs. structure of steel

Processing can change structure

example: structure vs. cooling rate of steel
Electrical
Electrical Resistivity of Copper:

• Adding “impurity” atoms to Cu increases resistivity.

• Deforming Cu increases resistivity.
Optical
• Transmittance:
-Aluminium oxide may be transparent, translucent, or
opaque depending on the material structure.
Material Selection
• Different materials exhibit different crystal structures and
resultant properties
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Classification of materials
• Metals - Materials in this group are composed of one or more metallic
elements (Fe, Al, Cu, Ti, Au, and Ni), and often also non-metallic
elements ( C, N, and O).
• Atoms in metals and their alloys are arranged in a very orderly
manner, and in comparison to the ceramics and polymers, are
relatively dense.
• With regard to mechanical characteristics, these materials are
relatively stiff and strong, yet are ductile (i.e., capable of large
amounts of deformation without fracture), and are resistant to fracture,
which accounts for their widespread use in structural applications.
• Metallic materials have large numbers of non-localized
electrons; that is, these electrons are not bound to
particular atoms. Many properties of metals are directly
attributable to these electrons. For example, metals are
extremely good conductors of electricity and heat, and
are not transparent to visible light; a polished metal
surface has a lustrous appearance. In addition, some of
the metals (Fe, Co, and Ni) have desirable magnetic
properties.
Ceramics
• Ceramics are compounds between metallic and non-metallic
elements; they are most frequently oxides, nitrides, and
carbides.
• For example, some of the common ceramic materials
include aluminium oxide (or alumina,Al2O3), silicon dioxide
(or silica, SiO2), silicon carbide (SiC), silicon nitride
(Si3N4), and, “the traditional ceramics”—those composed of
clay minerals (i.e., porcelain), as well as cement, and glass.
• With regard to mechanical behavior, ceramic materials
are relatively stiff and strong—stiffnesses and strengths
are comparable to those of the metals.
• ceramics are typically very hard, on the other hand, they
are extremely brittle (lack ductility), and are highly
susceptible to fracture.
• These materials are typically insulative to the passage of
heat and electricity (i.e., have low electrical
conductivities, and are more resistant to high
temperatures and harsh environments than metals and
polymers.
• optical characteristics of ceramics may be transparent,
translucent, or opaque, and some of the oxide ceramics
(e.g., Fe3O4) exhibit magnetic behavior.
Polymers
• Polymers include the familiar plastic and rubber materials.
Many of them are organic compounds that are chemically based
on carbon, hydrogen, and other non-metallic elements (O,N,
and Si). Furthermore, they have very large molecular structures,
often chain-like in nature that have a backbone of carbon
atoms.
• Some of the common and familiar polymers are polyethylene
(PE), nylon, poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), polycarbonate (PC),
polystyrene (PS), and silicone rubber. These materials
• typically have low densities, whereas their mechanical
characteristics are generally dissimilar to the metallic and
ceramic materials.
• In addition, many of the polymers are extremely ductile and
pliable (i.e., plastic), which means they are easily formed into
complex shapes. One major drawback to the polymers is their
tendency to soften and/or decompose at modest temperatures,
which, in some instances, limits their use.
• Polymerization of ethylene to form polyethylene (PE)
Composites
• A composite is composed of two (or more) individual
materials, which come from metals, ceramics, and
polymers.
• The design goal of a composite is to achieve a
combination of properties that is not displayed by any
single material, and also to incorporate the best
characteristics of each of the component materials.
• A large number of composite types exist that are
represented by different combinations of metals,
ceramics, and polymers. Furthermore, some naturally-
occurring materials are also considered to be composites,
Example wood and bone.

• One of the most common and familiar composites is fiber

glass, in which small glass fibers are embedded within a
polymeric material (normally an epoxy or polyester).
• The glass fibers are relatively strong and stiff (but also
brittle), whereas the polymer is ductile (but also weak and
flexible). Thus, the resulting fiber glass is relatively stiff,
strong, flexible, and ductile. In addition, it has a low density .
• Another of these technologically important materials is the
“carbon fiber reinforced polymer” (or “CFRP”) composite—
carbon fibers that are embedded within a polymer. These
materials are stiffer and stronger than the glass fiber-
reinforced materials, yet they are more expensive.
The CFRP composites are used in some aircraft and aerospace
applications, as well as high-tech sporting equipment (e.g.,
bicycles, golf clubs, tennis rackets, and skis/snowboards).
Advanced materials
• Materials that are utilized in high-technology (a device or
product that operates or functions using relatively intricate
and sophisticated principles; examples include electronic
equipment (camcorders, CD/DVD players, etc.), computers,
fiber-optic systems, spacecraft, aircraft, and military
rocketry) applications .
• Advanced materials include semiconductors, biomaterials,
and “materials of the future” (that is, smart materials and
nanoengineered materials).
Semiconductors
• Semiconductors have electrical properties that are
intermediate between the electrical conductors (i.e. metals
and metal alloys) and insulators (i.e. ceramics and
Polymers).
• the electrical characteristics of these materials are
extremely sensitive to the presence of minute
concentrations of impurity atoms, for which the
concentrations may be controlled over very small spatial
regions.
• Semiconductors have made possible the advent of integrated
circuitry that has totally revolutionized the electronics and
computer industries.
Biomaterials
• Biomaterials are employed in components implanted into the
human body for replacement of diseased or damaged body parts.
• These materials must not produce toxic substances and must be
compatible with body tissues (i.e. must not cause adverse
biological reactions). All of the above materials—metals,
ceramics, polymers, composites, and semiconductors—may be
used as biomaterials.
Example and application of biomaterials
• Biomaterials are used in: Joint replacements, Bone
plates, Artificial ligaments and tendons, Dental implants
for tooth fixation, Blood vessel prostheses, Heart valves,
Breast implants, ….
Materials of the Future
• Smart Materials- They have the ability to sense external
environmental stimuli (temperature, stress, light, humidity,
and electric and magnetic fields) and respond to them by
changing their properties (mechanical, electrical , or
appearance), structure or functions.
• Smart materials or systems that used smart materials
consists of sensors and actuators. The sensory component
detects a change in the environment and the actuators
component performs a specific functions or a response.
• Example of smart materials: airplane wings that adjust to
the air flow conditions, buildings that stabilize
themselves in earthquakes.
In other way Engineering Materials Classification as