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    Corrosion: Meta Fitri Rizkiana, S.T., M.SC

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    faros
    The document discusses various types of corrosion including passivity, localized corrosion, galvanic corrosion, velocity effects, intergranular attack, dealloying, cracking phenomena, and high temperature corrosion. It provides examples and descriptions of each type. Prevention methods are also summarized, such as using inhibitors, cathodic protection, minimizing crevices, considering galvanic couplings, and reducing fluid velocity to prevent erosion corrosion.

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    Corrosion: Meta Fitri Rizkiana, S.T., M.SC

    Uploaded by

    faros
    21 views41 pages
    The document discusses various types of corrosion including passivity, localized corrosion, galvanic corrosion, velocity effects, intergranular attack, dealloying, cracking phenomena, and high temperature corrosion. It provides examples and descriptions of each type. Prevention methods are also summarized, such as using inhibitors, cathodic protection, minimizing crevices, considering galvanic couplings, and reducing fluid velocity to prevent erosion corrosion.

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    5. Corrosion

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    The document discusses various types of corrosion including passivity, localized corrosion, galvanic corrosion, velocity effects, intergranular attack, dealloying, cracking phenomena, and high temperature corrosion. It provides examples and descriptions of each type. Prevention methods are also summarized, such as using inhibitors, cathodic protection, minimizing crevices, considering galvanic couplings, and reducing fluid velocity to prevent erosion corrosion.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    21 views41 pages

    Corrosion: Meta Fitri Rizkiana, S.T., M.SC

    Uploaded by

    faros
    The document discusses various types of corrosion including passivity, localized corrosion, galvanic corrosion, velocity effects, intergranular attack, dealloying, cracking phenomena, and high temperature corrosion. It provides examples and descriptions of each type. Prevention methods are also summarized, such as using inhibitors, cathodic protection, minimizing crevices, considering galvanic couplings, and reducing fluid velocity to prevent erosion corrosion.

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    CORROSION Meta Fitri Rizkiana, S.T.

    ,
    M.Sc.
    PASSIVITY

    Some normally active metals and alloys, under


    particular environmental conditions, lose their
    chemical reactivity and become extremely inert.
     This phenomenon, called passivity
     Example: chromium, iron, aluminium

    Passive behavior results from the formation of a


    highly adherent and very thin oxide film on the
    metal surface, which serves as a protective barrier
    to further corrosion.
    Stainless steels are highly resistant to corrosion in a
    rather wide variety of atmospheres as a result of
    passivation.
     They contain at least 11% chromium that, as a solid-solution
    alloying element in iron, minimizes the formation of rust;
     A protective surface film forms in oxidizing atmospheres.
     Stainless steels are susceptible to corrosion in some
    environments, and therefore are not always “stainless.”
    Aluminum is highly corrosion resistant in many
    environments because it also passivates.
    If damaged, the protective film normally reforms very
    rapidly.
    However, a change in the character of the environment
    alteration in the concentration of the active corrosive
    species may cause a passivated material to revert to an
    active state.
    CATEGORIES AND FORMS OF
    CORROSION (MECHANIC OF
    ATTACK) Original surface

    Group I: readily identified


    by visual examination.
    1. General corrosion
    2. Localized corrosion
    pitting
    – Crevice corrosion
    3. Galvanic corrosion

    Noble metal
    Base metal
    erosion flow
    Group II: may require
    supplementary means of
    examination.
    Cavitation bubbles
    5. Velocity effect
    • Erosion-corrosion
    • Cavitation
    • Fretting load
    vibration
    6. Intergranular attack (IGA)
    7. Dealloying (parting
    corrosion) Exfoliation Weld decay
    HAZ Weld

    Layer Plug
    Stress corrosion cracking (SCC)
    GROUP III
    Static stress
    Usually should be verified by
    microscopy (optical or SEM),
    although sometimes can be Corrosion fatigue
    observed visually.
    8. Cracking phenomena Dynamic stress
    – Stress Corrosion Cracking
    (SCC)
    – Hydrogen-Assisted Cracking Internal attack
    (HAC), Sulfide Corrosion
    Cracking (SSC) Fissure (celah)
    – Liquid Metal
    Cracking/Embrittlement
    (LMC/E)
    Scaling
    9. High-temperature corrosion
    scale
    I-(1) GENERAL
    CORROSION
    Characterized by an even, regular loss of metal from the corroding
    surface.
     Apply to all metals at some conditions
     Atmospheric rusting
     Zinc dissolution by dilute acid
     Tarnishing silver
     It is the most desirable form of attack
     Easy and reliable to predict the life of equipment.
     Observed in single metal or bimetallic metal corrosion.
    I-(2) LOCALIZED
    CORROSION
    All or most of attack occurs at discrete areas.
     To be a “pit” its depth => wide
     Pitting may cause brittle crack failure
     Unwanted form of corrosion attack
     Usually attack corrosion resistant metals
    Crevice corrosion:
     occurs in crevices and recesses.
     Usually due to oxygen concentration cell effects.
    I-(3) GALVANIC
    CORROSION
    Known as bimetallic or two metal corrosion
     Accelerated attack by electrical contact between
    dissimilar conductor in an electrolyte.
     Anodic member of the couple suffers the most
     Lower ratio of anodic area to cathodic area increases
    the damage.
     Farther apart the relative positions between the anodic
    and the cathodic in the galvanic series, more higher the
    potential of corrosion.
    II-(4) VELOCITY
    EFFECT
    Comprise of
     Erosion-corrosion
     Cavitations
     Fretting
    Erosion-corrosion
     Attack by high-velocity flow or impingement
     Two mode of attack:
     Purely mechanical: abrasion and wear
     Corrosion related: protective film is removed by the flow
     Identified distinctively by flow pattern
    Cavitations
     Attack by implosion of bubbles formed where local pressure
    drops below the vapor pressure.
     Observed frequently on ship propellers, pump impellers.
    Fretting
     Associated with motion
     Tearing away of small particles between the facing surfaces.
    II-(5) INTERGRANULAR
    ATTACK (IGA)
     Attack at the grain boundaries of metal
     The whole grain may fall out
     Caused by
     improper heat treatment
     Heat affected zones (HAZ) of weld
    II-(6) DEALLOYING
    CORROSION
    Or parting corrosion
     Selective removal of one metallic constituent of an
    alloy.
     Dezincifation of yellow brass.
     Layer-type: removal occur uniformly
     Plug-type: removal localized to form pit
    Selective leaching
    Weakens structure seriously without changing the
    apparent physical dimension.
    III-(7) CRACKING
    PHENOMENA
    Environmental cracking
    a) Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC)
    – An anodic process
     Chloride SCC of stainless steel
    b) Hydrogen-Assisted Cracking (HAC)
    – A cathodic process
     Sulfide stress cracking (SSC) of hardened steel by H2S.
    c) Liquid Metal Cracking (LMC) or Liquid Metal
    Embrittlement (LME)
    – A fissuring process by liquid metal
     Action of Hg on cold-worked brass
     Action of molten Zn on austenitic SS.
    III-(8) HIGH TEMPERATURE
    CORROSION

    Phenomena involving conversion of the metal to a metallic


    compound
     Metal  oxide
     Metal  halides, sulfides, carbides, nitrides, etc.
    Reaction may occurs
     At surfaces or
     Within the metal structure
    CORROSION PREVENTION:
    INHIBITORS
    Substances that, when added in relatively low
    concentrations to the environment, decrease its
    corrosiveness.
    The specific inhibitor depends both on the alloy and on
    the corrosive environment.
    INHIBITORS
    Several mechanisms:
    a) React with and virtually eliminate a chemically
    active species in the solution (such as dissolved
    oxygen).
    b) Inhibitor molecules attach to the corroding surface
    and interfere with either the oxidation or the
    reduction reaction, or form a very thin protective
    coating.
    Inhibitors are normally used in closed
    systems such as automobile radiators and
    steam boilers.
    CATHODIC PROTECTION
    One of the most effective means of corrosion prevention,
    Can be used for all eight different forms of corrosion,
    May, in some situations, completely stop corrosion.
    Cathodic protection technique employs a galvanic couple:
     the metal to be protected is electrically connected to another
    metal that is more reactive in the particular environment.
     The latter experiences oxidation, and, upon giving up electrons,
    protects the first metal from corrosion.
     The oxidized metal is called a sacrificial anode,
     Mg and Zn are commonly used because they lie at the anodic
    end of the galvanic series.
    CREVICE CORROSION
    Korosi celah didfinisikan sebagai korosi local yang disebabkan oleh
    adanya celah yang terbentuk dari dua permukaan dimana paling tidak
    satu permukaannya adalah logam
    Perbedaan konsentrasi oksigen pada celah
    Perbedaan konsentrasi larutan
    PENCEGAHAN
    Kurangi atau buat seminimal mungkin adanya kemungkinan
    terjadinya celah
    Hindari dalam perencanaan suatu peralatan adanya kemungkinan-
    kemungkinan untuk membuat bentuk-bentuk yang mempunyai sudut
    tajam dan daerah-daerah yang menyebabkan adanya aliran stagnan
    Berikan inhibitor
    Pemberian lapisan pelindung
    KOROSI GALVANIS
    Korosi yang terjadi karena adanya dua logam atau material yang berbeda
    jenis terdapat dalam satu elektrolit
    Jenis logam yang lebih anodic akan terjadi korosi

    Usahakan tidak terjadi coupling


    Hindarkan adanya kemungkinan terjadinya suatu kondisi dimana terjadi
    perbandingan luas anode yang lebih kecil terhadap luas permukaan logam
    yang lebih bersifat katodik
    Buatlah rencana bahwa pada material yang bersifat anodic mudah diganti
    Penggunaan sekat tidak porous
    Inhibitor
    KERUSAKAN KAVITASI
    (CAVITATION DAMAGE)
    Kerusakan material disebabkan karena adanya kavitasi dari cairan di
    dalam aliran fluida pada fase antar muka padat-cair
    Terjadinya gelembung-gelembung udara menyebabkan adanya
    kerusakan lapisan film pelindung korosi.
    Adanya pemecahan gelembung-gelembung uap yang berulang-ulang
    pada permukaan logam atau material akan dapat menyebabkan
    kerusakan secara fisik pada lapisan film pelindung korosi (cavitation
    corrosion), terjadinya deformasi dan keretakan permukaan (cavitation
    deformation), atau terjadi kelelahan pada permukaan metal atau material
    (cavitation fatigue)
    Adanya daerah tekanan rendah yang disebabkan adanya aliran yang
    divergen, pusaran air, hambatan-hambatan pada aliran atau karena
    vibrasi
    PENCEGAHAN
    Hindari kondisi yang menyebabkan tekanan absolut turun dibawah
    tekanan uap dari media cairnya
    Pergunakan perlindungan secara proteksi katodik
    Buat perencanaan sedemikian rupa sehingga misalnya di dalam
    merencanakan perpipaan dapat diharapkan bahwa adanya kavitasi
    atau pembentukan gelembung-gelembung udara tidak ada
    Usahakan tidak terjadi endapan pada permukaan material
    KOROSI EROSI
    Proses korosi yang dipercepat oleh kecepatan aliran dari fluida dan
    adanya abrasi fluida
    Aliran yang amat cepat dapat menyebabkan rusaknya lapisan film
    pelindung korosi dimana kemudian dengan adanya aliran yang tetap
    maka permukaan logam seperti terkikis dan terjadilah korosi
    PENCEGAHAN
    Turunkan kecepatan alir fluida/cairan yang mengalir dan usahakan
    adanya aliran yang tenang
    Usahakan aliran stream-line, hindari hal-hal yang dapat
    menyebabkan aliran turbulen
    Memperkecil factor-factor penyebab perubahan aliran atau arah
    aliran
    Pertebal beberapa bagian yang merupakan daerah kemungkinan
    terjadi korosi erosi
    Proteksi katodik
    FRETTING CORROSION
    Kerusakan local antar permukaan material yang berhubungan,
    dipercepat adanya gerakan teratur antar permukaan yang
    menyebabkan terjadinya gesekan

    Berikan lubrikasi pada permukaan yang bergesekan (pilih system


    lubrikasi yang tepat dan efisien)
    INTERGRANULAR
    CORROSION
    Korosi yang sangat selective terjadi pada batas antar kristal
    (intergranular) pada logam atau alloy

    Reaksi chrom carbide (terjadi pada temperature tinggi) 


    kekurangan chrom sehingga proteksi menurun

    Pilih logam dengan kandungan carbon yang rendah


    Penambahan titanium / niobium
    SELECTIVE ATTACK
    (LEACHING)
    Proses ekstraksi dari beberapa komponen suatu logam alloy dengan
    meninggalkan logam sisa dalam alloy sehingga kekuatan
    mekaniknya berubah

    Dezincfication, graphite corrosion

    Proteksi katodik
    Pemakaian inhibitor
    PERUSAKAN KARENA
    HYDROGEN
    Perusakan logam secara mekanis karena adanya hydrogen hasil
    produk korosi atau lingkungan sumber hydrogen yang berdifusi ke
    dalam logam
    Atom H mudah berdifusi dalam logam

    Penggunaan resistant alloy (FCC alloy)


    Proteksi katodik
    Minimalkan atau hilangkan sumber hidrogen

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