Introduction To Databases Transparencies: © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

Chapter 1
Introduction to Databases
Transparencies
© Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

Chapter 1 - Objectives
 Some common uses of database systems.
 Characteristics of file-based systems.
 Problems with file-based approach.
 Meaning of the term database.
 Meaning of the term Database Management
System (DBMS).

Chapter 1 - Objectives
 Typical functions of a DBMS.
 Major components of the DBMS environment.
 Personnel involved in the DBMS environment.
 History of the development of DBMSs.
 Advantages and disadvantages of DBMSs.

Examples of Database Applications
 Purchases from the supermarket
 Purchases using your credit card
 Booking a holiday at the travel agents
 Using the local library
 Taking out insurance
 Renting a video
 Using the Internet
 Studying at university

File-Based Systems
 Collection of application programs that
perform services for the end users (e.g. reports).
 Each program defines and manages its own

data.

File-Based Processing

Limitations of File-Based Approach
 Separation and isolation of data
– Each program maintains its own set of data.
– Users of one program may be unaware of
potentially useful data held by other programs.
 Duplication of data
– Same data is held by different programs.
– Wasted space and potentially different values
and/or different formats for the same item.

Limitations of File-Based Approach
 Data dependence
– File structure is defined in the program code.
 Incompatible file formats

– Programs are written in different languages, and so
cannot easily access each other’s files.
 Fixed Queries/Proliferation of application

programs
– Programs are written to satisfy particular functions.
– Any new requirement needs a new program.

Database Approach
 Arose because:
– Definition of data was embedded in application
programs, rather than being stored separately and
independently.
– No control over access and manipulation of data
beyond that imposed by application programs.
 Result:
– the database and Database Management System
(DBMS).

Database
 Shared collection of logically related data (and
a description of this data), designed to meet the
information needs of an organization.
 System catalog (metadata) provides description

of data to enable program–data independence.
 Logically related data comprises entities,

attributes, and relationships of an
organization’s information.

Database Management System (DBMS)
 A software system that enables users to define,
create, maintain, and control access to the
database.
 (Database) application program: a computer

program that interacts with database by
issuing an appropriate request (SQL
statement) to the DBMS.

Database Management System (DBMS)

Database Approach
 Data definition language (DDL).
– Permits specification of data types, structures and
any data constraints.
– All specifications are stored in the database.
 Data manipulation language (DML).

– General enquiry facility (query language) of the
data.

Database Approach
 Controlled access to database may
include:
– a security system
– an integrity system
– a concurrency control system
– a recovery control system
– a user-accessible catalog.

Views
 Allows each user to have his or her own view of
the database.
 A view is essentially some subset of the

database.

Views - Benefits
 Reduce complexity
 Provide a level of security
 Provide a mechanism to customize the
appearance of the database
 Present a consistent, unchanging picture of the
structure of the database, even if the
underlying database is changed

Components of DBMS Environment

 Hardware
– Can range from a PC to a network of
computers.
 Software
– DBMS, operating system, network software (if
necessary) and also the application programs.
 Data
– Used by the organization and a description
of this data called the schema.

 Procedures
– Instructions and rules that should be applied to
the design and use of the database and DBMS.
 People

Roles in the Database Environment
 Data Administrator (DA)

 Database Administrator (DBA)
 Database Designers (Logical and Physical)
 Application Programmers
 End Users (naive and sophisticated)

History of Database Systems
 First-generation
– Hierarchical and Network
 Second generation
– Relational
 Third generation
– Object-Relational
– Object-Oriented

Advantages of DBMSs
 Control of data redundancy
 Data consistency
 More information from the same amount of
data
 Sharing of data
 Improved data integrity
 Improved security
 Enforcement of standards
 Economy of scale

Advantages of DBMSs
 Improved data accessibility and responsiveness

 Increased productivity
 Improved maintenance through data
independence
 Increased concurrency
 Improved backup and recovery services

Disadvantages of DBMSs
 Complexity
 Size
 Cost of DBMS
 Additional hardware costs
 Performance
 Higher impact of a failure

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Chapter 1

© Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

© Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

© Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

© Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

 Each program defines and manages its own

© Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

© Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

© Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

 Incompatible file formats

 Fixed Queries/Proliferation of application

© Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

© Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

 System catalog (metadata) provides description

 Logically related data comprises entities,

© Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

 (Database) application program: a computer

© Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

© Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

 Data manipulation language (DML).

© Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

© Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

 A view is essentially some subset of the

© Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

© Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

© Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

© Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

© Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

 Data Administrator (DA)

© Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

© Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

© Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

 Improved data accessibility and responsiveness

© Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

© Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

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