The 

United Nations

Submitted To:- Submitted By:-

Dr Liaqat Ali Abubakar
Roll No. 120426035
 The United Nations
 The United Nations is an international organization designed to make the
enforcement of international law, security, economic development, social
progress, human rights easier for countries around the world and
achievement of world peace.
 The United Nations includes 193 member countries and its
main headquarters are located in New York City
 There are further main offices at Geneva, Nairobi and Vienna.
History of the United Nations

 The United Nations was established to replace the flawed League of Nations
in 1945.
 The name "United Nations", coined by United States President Franklin
Delano Roosevelt was first used in the Declaration by United Nations  of
1 January 1942 during World War – II representatives of 26 nations pledged
their Governments to continue fighting together against the Axis Powers
 On 25 April 1945, the UN Conference on International Organization began
in San Francisco, attended by 50 governments involved in drafting
the United Nations Charter.
 The UN officially came into existence on 24 October 1945 upon ratification
of the Charter by the five permanent members of the Security Council —
France, the Republic of China(China), the Soviet Union(Russia), the
United Kingdom and the United States
United Nations Charter

 The Charter of the United Nations is the foundational treaty of the United

Nations. It was signed at the San Francisco on 26 June 1945, by 50 original
member countries.
 It entered into force on 24 October 1945, after being ratified by the
Five permanent members of the Security Council.
 Today, 193 countries are the members of the United Nations.
 The Charter has 19 chapters and 111 articles.
Objectives of the United Nations
 To maintain international Peace and Security and to settle disputes
between the member states by peaceful means.
 To develop Friendly Relation among nations.
 To solve Economic, Social, Cultural and Humanitarian problems
peacefully.
 To promote Respect or Human Rights and Support Freedom for all
people
The structure of the United Nations
 The United Nations Charter consists of 111 articles. These articles explain
how the United Nations works.
 The charter established six parts of the United Nations:
 The General Assembly.
 The Security Council.
 The Economic and Social Council.
 The Secretariat.
 The International Court of Justice.
 The United Nations Trusteeship Council. 
 Languages of The United Nations
 The six Official Languages of the United Nations used in intergovernmental
meetings and documents are Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian,
and Spanish. 
 The Secretariat uses two working languages English and French.
 Four of the official languages are the national languages of the permanent
members of the Security Council.
 Spanish and Arabic are the languages of the two largest blocs of official
languages outside of the permanent members (Spanish being official in 20
countries, Arabic in 26).
 Five of the official languages were chosen when the UN was founded
Arabic was added later in 1973
United Nations General Assembly

 The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA/GA) is one of the six

principal organs of the United Nations.
 The only one in which all member nations have equal representation.
 The General Assembly meets under its President or Secretary-
General.
 It can also reconvene for special and emergency special sessions.
 The first session was convened on 10 January 1946 in the Westminster
Central Hall in London.
 Each member country can sent its 5 representatives in GA. And they
also have right to sent five Alternative Representative to GA.
 The last General debates were on 21-24 and 26-27 September 2011.
 Voting in The GA on important questions – recommendations on peace and
security, election of members to organs, admission, suspension and
expulsion of members, budgetary matters – is by a two-thirds majority
(Permanent Members of Security Council must be included) of those
present and voting.
 There is one nation one vote structure in UN.
 Agenda The agenda for each session is planned up to seven months in
advance. The main topic to be discussed in assembly should be written
in agenda.
 UN Budget The General Assembly also approves the budget of the United
Nations and decides how much money each member state must pay to run
the organization .
 Elections The General Assembly votes in elections for the ten non-
permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. These
elections take place every year and member states serve two year terms
with five replaced each year.
United Nations Security Council

 The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the principal

organs of the United Nations and is charged with the maintenance of
international peace and security .
 The Security Council held its first session on 17 January 1946
at Church House, Westminster, London.
 Its powers are mentioned in the UN Charter and the authorization
of military action.
 There are 15 members of the Security Council.
 Five veto-wielding permanent members — China, France, Russia,
the United Kingdom and the United States.
 10 elected non-permanent members with two-year terms.
 Security Council members must always be present at UN headquarters
in New York so that the Security Council can meet at any time.
 Non-Permanent Members The current elected members are:-

1 January 2011 – 31 December 2012

 Colombia
 Germany
 India
 Portugal
 South Africa

1 January 2012 – 31 December 2013

 Azerbaijan
 Guatemala
 Morocco
 Pakistan
 Togo
 President Of Security Council :-
 The role of president involves setting the agenda, presiding at its
meetings and overseeing any crisis. It is selected for 1 month from
all the members of Security Council.
 Veto Power
 A negative vote, or veto, also known as the rule of “great power
unanimity"
 Each permanent member has Veto power which means if they have
not agreed with any decision they can use their power against that
decision.
 No any single decision can be taken without the agreement of
permanent members.
United Nations Economic and Social Council

 The main task of the Economic and Social Council is to promote and

improve the economic and social well-being of those living in the member
states.
 It is responsible for coordinating the economic, social and related work of
14 UN specialized agencies.
 This council covers health, education, economic, social and cultural issues
and the promotion of the position of women in the world.
 Members :- The Council has 54 member states, which are elected by
the United Nations General Assembly for overlapping three-year terms.
Seats on the Council are based on geographical representation .

 Chamber Design The Economic and Social Council Chamber in
the United Nations Conference Building was a gift from Sweden. Wood
from Swedish pine trees was used in the delegates' area for the railings
and doors. "unfinished" ceiling is a symbolic reminder that the
economic and social work of the United Nations is never finished there
will always be something more which can be done to improve living
conditions for the world's people.
United Nations Secretariat
 It is an intergovernmental organization charged with the promotion of
aiding states to collectively maintain international peace and security.
 For providing studies, information, and facilities needed by the
UN.
 The activities of the Secretariat are performed by a staff of 44,000 civil
servants from around the world under the leadership of the Secretary-
General
 Staff members are appointed on a temporary or permanent basis.
 Daily activities of UN are most often carried about the secretariat.
 The Secretariat comprises of a Secretary-General and it is the body
that runs the United Nations.
Secretary-General

 The Secretariat is headed by The Secretary-General, who acts as

the spokesperson and leader of the UN.
 The current Secretary-General is Ban Ki-moon of South Korea,
who took over from Kofi Annan of Ghana in 2007.
 The Secretary-General is appointed by The GA, after being
recommended by the Security Council where the permanent
members have Veto Power.
 Secretary-General shall not originate from one of the five
permanent Security Council member states.
The International Court of Justice
 The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the main judicial body of the
United Nations.
 ICJ was Established in 1945 by the United Nations Charter, the Court
began work in 1946 as the successor to the Permanent Court of the
International Justice.
 It is based in the Peace Palace in the Hague , the Netherlands.
 Its main functions are to settle legal disputes submitted to it by States and
to provide advisory opinions.
 The ICJ consists of 15 Judges and only two members come from the
same country at one time.
 Judges are elected to 9 year terms by the GA and the UN Security
Council from a list of persons nominated by the national groups.
United Nations Trusteeship Council
 Now it is inactive because the last member of the Trusteeship Council
Palau is now became the member of UN.
 The Trusteeship Council was formed in 1945 to oversee the decolonization
of those dependent territories that were to be placed under the international
trusteeship system as a successor to the league Nations mandate system.
 Territories taken from nations defeated at the end of World War II
 The Trusteeship Council suspended its operation on 1 November 1994, and
although under the United Nations Charter it continues to exist on paper.
 Membership
 There are 193 United Nations (UN) member states and each of them is a
member of the United Nations General Assembly.
 Membership in the United Nations is open to all other peace-loving
states.
 The admission of any such state to membership in the United Nations
will be effected by a decision of the General Assembly upon the
recommendation of the Security General.
 Original Members All the members who signed on the Charter of
United Nations are Original Members. A total of 51 original members
(or founding members) joined that year 50 of them signed the
Charter at the United Nations Conference on International
Organization in San Francisco  on 26 June 1945.
United Nations Peacekeeping

 A unique and dynamic instrument developed by the

Organization as a way to help countries torn by conflict create
the conditions for lasting peace.
 The Security Council sends peacekeepers to regions where
armed conflict has recently ceased or paused to enforce the
terms of peace agreements.
 The UN does not maintain its own military peacekeeping forces
are voluntarily provided by member states of the UN.
 The forces, also called the Blue Helmets.
 The peacekeeping force as a whole received the Nobel Prize in
1988.
 Bangladesh contributed the highest number of troops with 10,855
personnel to various UN Peacekeeping Operations worldwide.
Funding
 The UN is financed from assessed and voluntary contributions from
member states.
 The General Assembly approves the regular budget and determines the
assessment for each member.
 USA Donates 22% of total funds. Highest than any country.
 Japan Donates 12.53 %
 Germany Donates 8.01 %
 UK 6.6 %
 Italy 4.99 %
India and United Nation
India join UN in october 1945 before acquiring
independence from UK
Vijay Laksmi pandit selected first woman president of
general assembly.
India selected for seven times as security council
member.
India is contributing regular for peace keeping
activities of UN
India is main contributor to UN Budget .
Criticism of the United Nations.

 A High Cost is waste in peacekeeping operations.

 More than 110,000 troops and staff is raised for these operations.
 All rich countries are using peacekeeping forces for their
national interests.
 US regularly use United Nations forces for their national
interests. As we seen in US war against Arabian Countries such as
Afghanistan and Iraq they used UN forces on the name of terrorism.
 Rich countries at the table, poor in the field.
 Two of the five permanent members of the Security Council
never sent out a single peacekeeping soldier - the US and China
 Another criticism of the Security Council involves the Veto power of
the five permanent nations. They can misuse the veto power.
Thank You