CSO Gaddis Java Chapter04 7e

STARTING OUT WITH JAVATM
7th Edition
Chapter 4
Loops and Files
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Chapter Topics (1 of 2)
Chapter 4 discusses the following main topics:

– The Increment and Decrement Operators
– The while Loop
– Using the while Loop for Input Validation
– The do-while Loop
– The for Loop
– Running Totals and Sentinel Values
Chapter Topics (2 of 2)
Chapter 4 discusses the following main topics:

– Nested Loops
– The break and continue Statements
– Deciding Which Loop to Use
– Introduction to File Input and Output
– Generating Random Numbers with the Random class
The Increment and Decrement Operators
• There are numerous times where a variable must
simply be incremented or decremented.
number = number + 1;
number = number – 1;
• Java provide shortened ways to increment and

decrement a variable’s value.
• Using the ++ or -- unary operators, this task can be
completed quickly.
number++; or ++number;
number--; or --number;
• Example: IncrementDecrement.java
Differences Between Prefix and Postfix
• When an increment or decrement are the only
operations in a statement, there is no difference
between prefix and postfix notation.
• When used in an expression:
– prefix notation indicates that the variable will be
incremented or decremented prior to the rest of the
equation being evaluated.
– postfix notation indicates that the variable will be
incremented or decremented after the rest of the
equation has been evaluated.
• Example: Prefix.java
The while Loop (1 of 2)
• Java provides three different looping structures.
• The while loop has the form:
while(condition)
{
statements;
}
• While the condition is true, the statements will

execute repeatedly.
• The while loop is a pretest loop, which means
that it will test the value of the condition prior to
executing the loop.
The while Loop (2 of 2)
• Care must be taken to set the condition to false
somewhere in the loop so the loop will end.
• Loops that do not end are called infinite loops.
• A while loop executes 0 or more times. If the
condition is false, the loop will not execute.
• Example: WhileLoop.java
The while loop Flowchart
true
boolean
statement(s)
expression?
false
Infinite Loops (1 of 2)
• In order for a while loop to end, the condition

must become false. The following loop will not
end:
int x = 20;
while(x > 0)
{
System.out.println("x is greater than
0");
}
• The variable x never gets decremented so it
will always be greater than 0.
• Adding the x-- above fixes the problem.
Infinite Loops (2 of 2)
• This version of the loop decrements x during

each iteration:
int x = 20;
while(x > 0)
{
System.out.println("x is greater
than 0");
x--;
}
Block Statements in Loops
• Curly braces are required to enclose block

statement while loops. (like block if statements)
while (condition)
{
statement;
statement;
statement;
}
The while Loop for Input Validation
• Input validation is the process of ensuring that user input is valid.
System.out.print("Enter a number in the " +
"range of 1 through 100: ");
number = keyboard.nextInt();
// Validate the input.
while (number < 1 || number > 100)
{
System.out.println("That number is invalid.");
System.out.print("Enter a number in the " +
"range of 1 through 100: ");
number = keyboard.nextInt();
}
• Example: SoccerTeams.java
The do-while Loop
• The do-while loop is a post-test loop, which means it
will execute the loop prior to testing the condition.
• The do-while loop (sometimes called called a do loop)
takes the form:
do
{
statement(s);
}while (condition);
• Example: TestAverage1.java
The do-while Loop Flowchart
statement(s)
true
boolean
expression?
false
The for Loop
• The for loop is a pre-test loop.
• The for loop allows the programmer to initialize a
control variable, test a condition, and modify the control
variable all in one line of code.
• The for loop takes the form:
for(initialization; test; update)
{
statement(s);
}
• See example: Squares.java
The for Loop Flowchart
boolean true
statement(s) update
expression?
false
The Sections of The for Loop
• The initialization section of the for loop allows
the loop to initialize its own control variable.
• The test section of the for statement acts in
the same manner as the condition section of a
while loop.
• The update section of the for loop is the last
thing to execute at the end of each loop.
• Example: UserSquares.java
The for Loop Initialization
• The initialization section of a for loop is
optional; however, it is usually provided.
• Typically, for loops initialize a counter variable
that will be tested by the test section of the loop
and updated by the update section.
• The initialization section can initialize multiple
variables.
• Variables declared in this section have scope
only for the for loop.
The Update Expression
• The update expression is usually used to
increment or decrement the counter variable(s)
declared in the initialization section of the for
loop.
• The update section of the loop executes last in
the loop.
• The update section may update multiple
variables.
• Each variable updated is executed as if it were
on a line by itself.
Modifying The Control Variable
• You should avoid updating the control variable

of a for loop within the body of the loop.
• The update section should be used to update
the control variable.
• Updating the control variable in the for loop
body leads to hard to maintain code and difficult
debugging.
Multiple Initializations and Updates
• The for loop may initialize and update multiple variables.
for(int i = 5, int j = 0; i < 10 || j < 20; i++,
j+=2)
{
statement(s);
}
• Note that the only parts of a for loop that are mandatory are the
semicolons.
for(;;)
{
statement(s);
} // infinite loop
• If left out, the test section defaults to true.
Running Totals
• Loops allow the program to keep running totals

while evaluating data.
• Imagine needing to keep a running total of user
input.
• Example: TotalSales.java
Logic for Calculating a Running Total
Sentinel Values
• Sometimes the end point of input data is not known.
• A sentinel value can be used to notify the program to
stop acquiring input.
• If it is a user input, the user could be prompted to input
data that is not normally in the input data range (i.e. –1
where normal input would be positive.)
• Programs that get file input typically use the end-of-file
marker to stop acquiring input data.
• Example: SoccerPoints.java
Nested Loops
• Like if statements, loops can be nested.
• If a loop is nested, the inner loop will execute all of its
iterations for each time the outer loop executes once.
for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
for(int j = 0; j < 10; j++)
loop statements;
• The loop statements in this example will execute 100

times.
• Example: Clock.java
The break Statement
• The break statement can be used to
abnormally terminate a loop.
• The use of the break statement in loops
bypasses the normal mechanisms and makes
the code hard to read and maintain.
• It is considered bad form to use the break
statement in this manner.
The continue Statement
• The continue statement will cause the
currently executing iteration of a loop to
terminate and the next iteration will begin.
• The continue statement will cause the
evaluation of the condition in while and for
loops.
• Like the break statement, the continue
statement should be avoided because it makes
the code hard to read and debug.
Deciding Which Loops to Use
• The while loop:
– Pretest loop
– Use it where you do not want the statements to execute if the
condition is false in the beginning.
• The do-while loop:
– Post-test loop
– Use it where you want the statements to execute at least one
time.
• The for loop:
– Pretest loop
– Use it where there is some type of counting variable that can be
evaluated.
File Input and Output
• Reentering data all the time could get tedious for the
user.
• The data can be saved to a file.
– Files can be input files or output files.
• Files:
– Files have to be opened.
– Data is then written to the file.
– The file must be closed prior to program termination.
• In general, there are two types of files:
– binary
– text
Writing Text To a File
• To open a file for text output you create an

instance of the PrintWriter class.
PrintWriter outputFile = new PrintWriter("StudentData.txt");
Pass the name of the file that you Warning: if the file
wish to open as an argument to already exists, it will be
the PrintWriter constructor. erased and replaced
with a new file.
The PrintWriter Class (1 of 3)
• The PrintWriter class allows you to write

data to a file using the print and println
methods, as you have been using to display
data on the screen.
• Just as with the System.out object, the
println method of the PrintWriter class
will place a newline character after the written
data.
• The print method writes data without writing
the newline character.
Open the file.
PrintWriter outputFile = new PrintWriter("Names.txt");

outputFile.println("Chris");
outputFile.println("Kathryn");
outputFile.println("Jean");
outputFile.close();
Close the file.
Write data to the file.
• To use the PrintWriter class, put the

following import statement at the top of the
source file:
import java.io.*;
• See example: FileWriteDemo.java
Exceptions (1 of 2)
• When something unexpected happens in a

Java program, an exception is thrown.
• The method that is executing when the
exception is thrown must either handle the
exception or pass it up the line.
• Handling the exception will be discussed later.
• To pass it up the line, the method needs a
throws clause in the method header.
Exceptions (2 of 2)
• To insert a throws clause in a method header,

simply add the word throws and the name of
the expected exception.
• PrintWriter objects can throw an
IOException, so we write the throws clause
like this:
public static void main(String[] args)

throws IOException
Appending Text to a File
• To avoid erasing a file that already exists,

create a FileWriter object in this manner:
FileWriter fw =
new FileWriter("names.txt", true);
• Then, create a PrintWriter object in this

manner:
PrintWriter fw = new PrintWriter(fw);
Specifying a File Location (1 of 2)
• On a Windows computer, paths contain

backslash (\) characters.
• Remember, if the backslash is used in a string
literal, it is the escape character so you must
use two of them:
PrintWriter outFile = new

PrintWriter("A:\\PriceList.txt");
Specifying a File Location (2 of 2)
• This is only necessary if the backslash is in a
string literal.
• If the backslash is in a String object then it will
be handled properly.
• Fortunately, Java allows Unix style filenames
using the forward slash (/) to separate
directories:
PrintWriter outFile = new

PrintWriter("/home/rharrison/names.txt");
Reading Data From a File (1 of 3)
• You use the File class and the Scanner class

to read data from a file:
Pass the name of the file as
an argument to the File
class constructor.
File myFile = new File("Customers.txt");

Scanner inputFile = new Scanner(myFile);
Pass the File object as an

argument to the Scanner
class constructor.
Scanner keyboard = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter the filename: ");
String filename = keyboard.nextLine();
File file = new File(filename);
Scanner inputFile = new Scanner(file);
• The lines above:

– Creates an instance of the Scanner class to read from the keyboard
– Prompt the user for a filename
– Get the filename from the user
– Create an instance of the File class to represent the file
– Create an instance of the Scanner class that reads from the file
• Once an instance of Scanner is created, data

can be read using the same methods that you
have used to read keyboard input (nextLine,
nextInt, nextDouble, etc).
// Open the file.
File file = new File("Names.txt");
// Read a line from the file.
String str = inputFile.nextLine();
// Close the file.
inputFile.close();
Exceptions
• The Scanner class can throw an

IOException when a File object is passed
to its constructor.
• So, we put a throws IOException clause in
the header of the method that instantiates the
Scanner class.
• See Example: ReadFirstLine.java
Detecting The End of a File
• The Scanner class’s hasNext() method will
return true if another item can be read from the
file.
// Open the file.
File file = new File(filename);
// Read until the end of the file.
while (inputFile.hasNext())
{
String str = inputFile.nextLine();
System.out.println(str);
}
inputFile.close();// close the file
when done.
Detecting the End of a File
• See example: FileReadDemo.java
Generating Random Numbers with the
Random Class
• Some applications, such as games and
simulations, require the use of randomly
generated numbers.
• The Java API has a class, Random, for this
purpose. To use the Random class, use the
following import statement and create an
instance of the class.
import java.util.Random;
Random randomNumbers = new Random();
Some Methods of the
Random Class
Method Description
nextDouble() Returns the next random number as a double. The number

will be within the range of 0.0 and 1.0.
nextFloat() Returns the next random number as a float. The number
will be within the range of 0.0 and 1.0.
nextInt() Returns the next random number as an int. The number
will be within the range of an int, which is –2,147,483,648
to +2,147,483,648.
nextInt(int n) This method accepts an integer argument, n. It returns a
random number as an int. The number will be within the
range of 0 to n.
See example: RollDice.java

Copyright
This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely
for the use of instructions in teaching their courses and assessing student
learning. dissemination or sale of any part of this work (including on the
World Wide Web) will destroy the integrity of the work and is not permit-
ted. The work and materials from it should never be made available to
students except by instructors using the accompanying text in their
classes. All recipients of this work are expected to abide by these
restrictions and to honor the intended pedagogical purposes and the needs of
other instructors who rely on these materials.

CSO Gaddis Java Chapter04 7e

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CSO Gaddis Java Chapter04 7e

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CSO Gaddis Java Chapter04 7e

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

STARTING OUT WITH JAVATM

Chapter 4 discusses the following main topics:

Chapter 4 discusses the following main topics:

• Java provide shortened ways to increment and

• While the condition is true, the statements will

• In order for a while loop to end, the condition

• This version of the loop decrements x during

• Curly braces are required to enclose block

• See example: Squares.java

• You should avoid updating the control variable

• Loops allow the program to keep running totals

• The loop statements in this example will execute 100

• To open a file for text output you create an

• The PrintWriter class allows you to write

Open the file.

PrintWriter outputFile = new PrintWriter("Names.txt");

Close the file.

Write data to the file.

• To use the PrintWriter class, put the

• See example: FileWriteDemo.java

• When something unexpected happens in a

• To insert a throws clause in a method header,

public static void main(String[] args)

• To avoid erasing a file that already exists,

• Then, create a PrintWriter object in this

• On a Windows computer, paths contain

PrintWriter outFile = new

PrintWriter outFile = new

• You use the File class and the Scanner class

File myFile = new File("Customers.txt");

Pass the File object as an

• The lines above:

• Once an instance of Scanner is created, data

• The Scanner class can throw an

• See example: FileReadDemo.java

nextDouble() Returns the next random number as a double. The number

See example: RollDice.java

You might also like