Problem Formulation &

System Characterization (5)

Ronald Sukwadi, Ph.D.

Industrial Engineering Department

Outline
 Introduction
 Problem formulation
 System characterization
 Case study: LOD
 Project proposal

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What is Problem ??????

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Problem Problem Problem ?????
 Masalah dapat didefinisikan sbg celah/gap
antara keadaan (sistem) sekarang dan
yang diinginkan
 Keadaan sekarang: kondisi yang telah
berjalan sekarang
 Keadaan diinginkan: kondisi yang
diusulkan-perlu dijelaskan manfaatnya,
keunikannya (bedanya) dengan yang
sebelumnya
(dilihat dari performance measurement-nya)

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Overviews of Some OR/MS
Methodology
 In this phase, we use the OR/MS
Methodology to:
 formulate the problem of relevant system

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 F ig u r e 5 -1 : O R /M S m e t h o d o lo g y

F 1 F O R W A R D L IN K A G E S
S u m m a r iz in g
O
p r o b le m
R
s itu a tio n
M
U Id e n tify in g 2
L p r o b le m fo r
A a n a ly s is
T 3
D e c r ib in g
I
r e le v a n t P R O J E C T P R O P O S A L
O
s y s te m
N
B u ild in g a 4
m a th e m a tic a l
m o d1 e l
M F in d in g 5
O p re fe rre d
D s o lu tio n
E 6
L V a lid a tio n &
I p e rfo rm a n c e
N te s tin g
G 7
A n a ly z in g
s e n s itiv ity P R O J E C T R E P O R T
o f s o lu tio n
P la n n in g 8
I Im p le m e n ta tio
M n
P
9
L E s ta b lis h in g
E c o n tro l o v e r
M s o lu tio n
E 1 0
N Im p le m e n tin g D O C U M E N T A T IO N &
T s o lu tio n U S E R 'S M A N U A L
A
1 1
T
F o llo w in g u p
O S O L U T IO N A U D IT
s o lu tio n u s e
N

B A C K W A R D L IN K A G E S
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 TEORI, PRINSIP, SISTEM NYATA
HUKUM, KONSEP,
ASUMSI, POSTULAT, MASALAH
PENGALAMAN, DAN
LINGKUP OBSERVASI

TUJUAN
STUDI PENDEKATAN
SISTEM
- Elemen
- Relasi
- Atribut
- Status

MODEL KONSEPTUAL
KARAKTERISITIK SISTEM
- Variabel Sistem
- Relasi Antarvariabel
- Sifat deteministik atau stokastik
- Statis atau dinamis

FORMULASI MODEL
- Variabel Simbolik PENGUMPULAN DATA
- Relasi dan Fungsi - Penyampelan
- Aksioma - Pengukuran
- Model Formal
- Verifikasi Model
- Analisa Model
- Solusi Model

PARAMETERISASI

VALIDASI MODEL

IMPLEMENTASI
MODEL

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Definition of A Problem
 There must be an individual (or a group of
individuals), referred as the decision
maker who:
 Is dissatisfied with the current state of affairs
 Knows when goals have been achieved
 Has control over aspects of problem situation
that affect the extent to which goals can be
achieved

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Problem Solving Stakeholders
 The problem owner: the person/group who has
control over certain aspects of the problem
situation
 The problem user: who uses the solution and/or
executes the decisions approved by problem
owner/decision maker
 The problem customer: who is the beneficiary or
victim of the consequences of using the solution
 The problem solver/analyst: who analyzes the
problem and develops a solution for approval by
the problem owner
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Four Elements of A Problem
 The decision maker
 The decision maker’s objective
 The performance measure for assessing
how well the objectives have been
achieved
 Alternative courses of action or decision
variables for achieving the objectives

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Four Elements of A Problem:
[According To Your System]
 The decision maker: ………………..

 The decision maker’s objective:………………..

 The performance measure: ………………..

 Decision variables: ………………..

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System Characterization
 TEORI, PRINSIP, SISTEM NYATA
HUKUM, KONSEP,
ASUMSI, POSTULAT, MASALAH
PENGALAMAN, DAN
LINGKUP OBSERVASI

TUJUAN
STUDI PENDEKATAN
SISTEM
- Elemen
- Relasi
- Atribut
- Status

MODEL KONSEPTUAL
KARAKTERISITIK SISTEM
- Variabel Sistem
- Relasi Antarvariabel
- Sifat deteministik atau stokastik
- Statis atau dinamis

FORMULASI MODEL
- Variabel Simbolik PENGUMPULAN DATA
- Relasi dan Fungsi - Penyampelan
- Aksioma - Pengukuran
- Model Formal
- Verifikasi Model
- Analisa Model
- Solusi Model

PARAMETERISASI

VALIDASI MODEL

IMPLEMENTASI
MODEL

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Ronald Sukwadi -Problem Formulation- 15
System Characterization:
[Murthy et al.,1990]
 The SYSTEM APPROACH offers a universal
framework for treating such distinctly different
problems
 In the systems approach the real world
associated with the problem is viewed as a
system
 The solution to the problem is viewed as a study
of the system with a defined goals
 The starting point for such study is a proper
description of the system.

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System Characterization:
[Murthy et al., 1990]
 A total description -unmanageable
 Not all features of the real world are
relevant to the problem or its solution
 A partial description is often adequate
 This partial description, called the system
characterization, retains only features,
that are relevant to the problem (Goal for
study).

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Basic Concepts
 System/Variable/Parameter
 Variables are attribute needed to describe interaction
between objects (components)
 Parameters are attribute intrinsic to an object
 System/Environment
 The interaction between the system and its
environment is through variables common to both
 Relationships
 The interaction between objects are described
through relationships linking the variables of the
interacting objects

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Components of a Model
 Performance measure
 Uncontrollable Inputs
 Parameters
 Controllable Inputs:
 The collection of all possible courses of action you might
take
 Interaction among these components
 These are logical, and mathematical function representing
the cause-and -effect relationships among inputs,
parameters, and the outcome.
 There are also set of constraints which apply to each of
these
 Actions
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Types of Model
 Static vs Dynamic
 static systems -time does not play any part
 dynamic systems-time plays a very important role
 Continuous Time vs Discrete Time
 In dynamic systems either some or all of the variable
are changing with time -the change take place
continuously with time or occur at discrete
instants of time.

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Types of Model
 Time Scale in Dynamic Systems
 the variables change with time
 The term ‘time scale’ is used to indicate the duration
for significant changes to occur in a variable
 Deterministic vs Stochastic
 If the values assumed by the variables are
predictable with certainty (Deterministic systems)
 If not, then uncertainty is a significant feature of the
system -the changes in the variable are random and
unpredictable (Stochastic systems)

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Case study: LOD
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Identifying the Problem: [LOD]
 Identifying the issue to be analyzed:
 Scheduling of the production runs
 Determination of production lead time

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Problem Elements:[LOD]
 The decision maker: the LOD manager
 The objective: keeping the cost of the LOD’s
operation as low as possible, subject to
maintaining the same level of customer service.
 The performance measure: the total operating
cost of the LOD
 Alternative courses of action: the size of stock
replenishment batches and cutoff point for
classifying customer orders as big or small.

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Widest System: [LOD]
 The widest system: the company as a
whole
 The refinery: one of its subsystem
 The LOD: a subsystem of the refinery
system
 Within LOD system:
 the production/inventory control operation
form one of its major subsystem (i.e. the
narrow system of interest)

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The Narrow System:[LOD]
 A system for the replenishment and stock
control of packaged finished goods which
keeps the total operating costs for the
LOD as low as possible while maintaining
the current level of customer service

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Relevant System:[LOD]
 To use the typical inventory/production
control structure for defining the system
 But the problem situation includes aspects
not normally found in such a structure –
e.g. rules to meet big and small customer
orders
 Use the Process Approach

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Relevant System:[LOD]
 Big customer order is met by scheduling a special
production run (is it outside the narrow system ?)
 This aspect affects the inventory/production
control system of LOD
 Cutoff point is considered as one of the two
decision variables.
 What type of control –open loop control (the
customer order classification –input to the
system)

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Identifying the system aspects
 See Table 5-1.
 The easiest way is to start out by listing
 The control inputs
 The performance outputs
 Any other system outputs,
 Then followed by structure, process, component of the
system
 Two potential inputs –breakdown in the operation
of the refinery and production capacities, are
ignored (why?)

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Components of the Stock
Replenishment System

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Influence Diagram (ID): [LOD]
 Influence diagram shows:
 How the control inputs and other inputs affect
the system variables for various system
components, and
 How these in turn affect the system outputs, in
particular the performance outputs.

Note: the easiest approach to draw an influence diagram is

to go from control and other inputs via state variables to
system outputs in a logical top-down sequence.

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  Insightful for bringing out the transformation
process of the system
 in term of the structural and causal relationships
between systems components.
 Depicts the influence relationship
 Between the inputs into a system and its component
(the system variables)
 Between the component of the system, and
 Between the component and the outputs of the
system, including performance measures
(these influence relationship can usually be measured
in quantitative terms)
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Approach To Draw An ID: [LOD]
 Control and other inputs  State variables
 System outputs (in a logical sequence)
 For example, the customer order pattern
(an input) & cutoff point (a decision)
determine order patterns (met from stock
or special production run)
 Each customer order pattern determines
the annual volume by spec-prod-run
(AVPR) or annual volume met from stock
(AVS).
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 AVPR the annual number of setups
 Together with the cost of production setup
the annual setup cost for special
production run, and so forth……

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Format Projek Proposal
 Pendahuluan
 Rekomendasi dan Ringkasan
 Pernyataan Situasi Masalah
 Deskripsi Singkat Mengenai Analisis Yang
diusulkan
 Pengembangan Model
 Pemilihan sampel dan pengumpulan data
 Estimasi total penghematan
 Estimasi total biaya
 Rekomendasi dan persiapan laporan projek

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Assignment 3
 Buat Definisi Masalah Anda
 Rich Picture
 4 Elemen masalah Anda
 Sebutkan stakeholders Anda
 Karakterisasi Sistem Relevan Anda
 Influence Diagram

 Buat proposal projek Anda

(Contoh hal 121-126)
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What Questions Do You Have?

Thank you for your

attention !

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