Present Perfect

Perfect Progressive
ANA LUCIA CHAVES BARQUERO
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
 The present perfect simple expresses an action that is still going on or that stopped recently, but has an
influence on the present. It puts emphasis on the result.
 Form of Present Perfect

 Exceptions in Spelling when Adding ‘ed’

 Use of Present Perfect
 Puts emphasis on the result
 She has written five letters.
 Action that is still going on
 School has not started yet.
 Action that stopped recently
 She has cooked dinner.
 Finished action that has an influence on the present
 I have lost my key.
 Action that has taken place once, never or several times before the moment of speaking
 I have never been to Australia.
 Signal Words of Present Perfect
 already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, up to now
 Grammar Exercise on the Text
Present Perfect Simple
 Loch Ness is a lake between the Scottish towns of Inverness and Fort Augustus. The word loch is
Scottish for lake. Loch Ness is about 37 km long and extremely deep, the deepest part is 226 m.

 Loch Ness is famous for its friendly monster, Nessie. Most people think that this is only a legend, but
every year tourists from all over the world come to Loch Ness and hope that they will see the monster.
Write the verbs in present perfect simple.

 Tourists from all over the world (be) _____________ to Loch Ness.
 Most of them (see/not)_____________ Nessie, however.
 Only very few people say that the Loch Ness Monster (appear)____________ in front of them.
 Even scientists (come) ______________ to Loch Ness to find the monster.
 And the boss of the Guinness brewery (promise) ____________ to pay 500,000 Pounds to the person
who catches Nessie.
Answers

 Tourists from all over the world have been to Loch Ness.
 Most of them have not seen Nessie, however.
 Only very few people say that the Loch Ness Monster has appeared in front of them.
 Even scientists have come to Loch Ness to find the monster.
 And the boss of the Guinness brewery has promised to pay 500,000 pounds to the person who catches
Nessie.
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
TENSE
The present perfect progressive expresses an action that recently stopped or is still going on. It puts
emphasis on the duration or course of the action.
 Form of Present Perfect Progressive

 Exceptions in Spelling
Use of Present Perfect Progressive

 Puts emphasis on the duration or course of an action (not the result)

 She has been writing for two hours.

 Action that recently stopped or is still going on

 I have been living here since 2001.

 Finished action that influenced the present

 I have been working all afternoon.
Put the verbs into the correct form (present
perfect progressive)
 He (work) ________________ in this company since 1985.
 I (wait)  ________________  for you since two o'clock.
 Mary (live)  ________________  in Germany since 1992.
 Why is he so tired? He (play)  ________________  tennis for five hours.
 How long (learn / you)  ________________  English?
 We (look for)  ________________  the motorway for more than an hour.
 I (live)  ________________  without electricity for two weeks.
 The film (run / not)  ________________  for ten minutes yet, but there's a commercial break already.
 How long (work / she)  ________________  in the garden?
 She (not / be)  ________________  in the garden for more than an hour.
Answers
 He has been working in this company since 1985.
 I have been waiting for you since two o'clock.
 Mary has been living in Germany since 1992.
 Why is he so tired? He has been playing tennis for five hours.
 How long have you been learning English?
 We have been looking for the motorway for more than an hour.
 I have been living without electricity for two weeks.
 The film has not been running for ten minutes yet, but there's a commercial break already.
 How long has she been working in the garden?
 She has not been in the garden for more than an hour.
Modifiers
 A modifier changes, clarifies, qualifies, or limits a particular word in a sentence in
order to add emphasis, explanation, or detail.

 Modifiers tend to be descriptive words, such as adjectives and adverbs.

 Modifier phrases, such as adjective clauses and adverbial phrases, also exist and tend
to describe adjectives and adverbs.
Gerunds and infinitives as objects or
subjects of phrases
 The Gerund Phrase
 A gerund phrase will begin with a gerund, an -ing word, and will include other modifiers
and/or objects. Gerund phrases always function as nouns, so they will be subjects,
subject complements, or objects in the sentence.
 Examples:
 Eating ice cream on a windy day can be a messy experience if you have long, untamed hair.
 Eating ice cream on a windy day = subject of the verb can be.
 A more disastrous activity for long-haired people is blowing giant bubble gum bubbles with the car
windows down.
 Blowing giant bubble gum bubbles with the car windows down = subject complement of the verb is.
 Wild food adventures require getting your hair cut to a short, safe length.
 Getting your hair cut to a short, safe length = direct object of the verb require.
 Gerund phrase vs present participle phrase
 Gerund and present participle phrases are easy to confuse because they both begin with an
-ing word.
 The difference is that a gerund phrase will always function as a noun while a present
participle phrase describes another word in the sentence.
 Examples:
 Jamming too much clothing into a washing machine will result in disaster.
 Jamming… machine = gerund phrase, the subject of the verb will result.
 Jamming too much clothing into the washing machine, Aamir saved $1.25 but had to tolerate the
curious stares of other laundry patrons as his machine bucked and rumbled with the heavy load.
 Jamming… machine = present participle phrase describing Aamir.
 Bernard hates buttering toast with a fork.
 Buttering toast with a fork = gerund phrase, the direct object of the verb hates.
 Buttering toast with a fork, Bernard vowed that he would finally wash the week's
worth of dirty dishes piled in the sink.
 Buttering toast with a fork = present participle phrase describing Bernard.
 My dog's most annoying habit is hogging the middle of the bed.
 Hogging the middle of the bed = gerund phrase, the subject complement of the linking verb is.
 Lastnight I had to sleep on the couch because I found my dog Floyd hogging the
middle of the bed.
 Hogging the middle of the bed = present participle phrase describing Floyd.
 The Infinitive Phrase
 An infinitive phrase is a group of words that uses an infinitive (“to” + verb). An infinitive is a verbal (a
word that expresses action); so, an infinitive phrase has the same role of expressing action in a sentence.

 An infinitive phrase is just a part of a sentence, working like a noun, adjective, or adverb.

 Examples of infinitive phrases:

 To plant a garden
 To go on vacation
 I told the dog to run home quickly
 I want to eat pizza for dinner

 As a noun, an infinitive phrase will either appear as the subject of the sentence or the direct object.
 Infinitive Phrases used as Nouns
 Subject
 Subjects of a sentence are always nouns or pronouns. Here's an example:
 To dance beneath the stars with her is Jared's only goal.

 What is the sentence about? It's about dancing beneath the stars with her.
 "To dance beneath the stars with her" operates as a noun and serves as the subject of the sentence.
 Then, we're met with the linking verb "is." "Is" is one of the most popular linking verbs.
 That is, it's not showing action. Rather, it's linking the subject to further information, found in the
subject complement.
 In this case, the subject complement, or that added bit of information, is "Jared's only goal." What about
dancing beneath the stars? It's Jared's only goal.
 Direct Object
 Direct objects are always nouns, too. They receive the action of the verb.
 Carla likes to meditate after a stressful day.
 In this example, "to meditate after a stressful day" is the direct object of the action verb
"likes." The subject, or the person we're talking about, is Carla. The verb is "likes."
What does Carla like? To meditate after a stressful day. The direct object answers the
"what" of the action verb.
 Example Sentences
 To travel all across Italy is Lucretia's New Year resolution. (subject)
 To finish a new book is the only reason Kyle would stay up all night. (subject)
 A good habit to have is to go for a walk in the evening. (object)
 Katherine wants to maintain a healthy lifestyle. (object)
 Used as Adjectives
 As an adjective, an infinitive phrase will modify a noun in the sentence. To envision that, let's break it
down with an easy example:
 The best book to help you understand fairy tales is titled Once Upon a Time. (modifying the noun "book")
 In this example, the subject, or the thing being discussed, is a book. We learn more about the book, or it
gets modified, by the phrase "to help you understand fairy tales." Now, we know it's not just a book. It's a
book that details fairy tales.
 Then, the sentence completes itself with the linking verb "is" and the subject complement, or the added
information about the subject, "titled Once Upon a Time."
 Examples:
 The only way to find the treasure chest is to meet with the fairy prince. (modifying the noun "way")
 Her favorite blanket to cozy in for the night is purple with blue paisleys. (modifying the noun "blanket")
 His least-favorite power tool to make home improvements is the handsaw. (modifying the noun "power tool")
 Used as Adverbs
 The most popular definition of an adverb is a word that modifies a verb. But, they can
also provide further information about adjectives and other adverbs.
 Marie walked to breathe in some fresh air.

 Here, "to breathe in some fresh air" is modifying the verb "walked." It's giving us more
information about why she took this action.
 Examples:
 Joshua intended to write a novel during his sabbatical. (modifying the verb "intended")
 Aisling is planting a vegetable garden to eat organic foods right from her own backyard. (modifying
the verb "planting")
 Darius is running 5 miles a day to train for the Boston marathon. (modifying the verb "running")
 What is a sentence?
 A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete idea.
 "She feels sad." <-- A complete idea
 These are sentences (they express a complete idea):
 I like to swim.
 Jane bakes tasty cookies.
 Mark will quit his job.
 These are not complete sentences (they don't express a complete idea):
 She gave me the.
 (What did she give me?)
 Will build the house.
 (Who will build the house?)
 Tony watching a movie.
 (Is Tony watching the movie now? Was he watching the movie in the past? Or will he be watching the movie in the future?)

 A sentence can express:

 A statement. Example: You are tall.
 A question. Example: Are you tall?
 An order. Example: Be tall!
 A wish. Example: I wish I were taller.
What is a subject?

 The subject is the person or thing about which something is being stated.

 "Joe is a good boy."

 Who is a good boy?

 Joe is.
 So "Joe" is the subject.
What is a predicate?
 The predicate is the part of a sentence that tells something about the subject.
 The predicate always includes a verb.

 "Joe is a good boy."

 The subject is Joe.
 Now, what about Joe?
 He is a good boy.
 So "is a good boy" is a predicate.
What is a Direct Object?
 A direct object is a person or thing that is affected by the
action of the verb. You could say that the direct object
"receives the action of the verb."

 "He broke the window."

 What was affected by the action?
 The window was.
 So "the window" is the direct object.
 What is an Indirect Object?
 An indirect object is a person or thing that the action is done to or for.
 The indirect object usually comes just before the direct object.
 You could also say that the indirect object is the receiver of the direct object.
 "He gave his mother flowers."
 To whom did he give the flowers? To his mother.
 So "his mother" is the indirect object.
Is it a direct object or an indirect object?
 How can you tell a direct object from an indirect object?

TIPS:

1) A direct object receives the action of the verb. In other words, it is

directly affected by it.
2) An indirect object is the receiver of the direct object, and it usually
comes just before it.
Prepositions
 The Object of the Preposition
 The
object of the preposition is a noun or a pronoun that completes its
meaning.
 Example 1:
 She is thinking about.
 This sentence is incomplete. We don't what is she thinking about.
 Here is the complete version:
 She is thinking about your idea.
 This sentence is complete. "Idea" is the object of the preposition "about.“

 https://www.really-learn-english.com/parts-of-a-sentence.html