ACE Personal Trainer Manual: Chapter 2: Principles of Motivation and Adherence Lesson 2

ACE Personal Trainer Manual
5th Edition
Chapter 2: Principles of Motivation and Adherence
Lesson 2
UNDERSTANDING MOTIVATION
• Numerous theoretical constructs

have been proposed to explain
motivation and its relationship
with performance and
achievement.
• Sources of motivation include:
 The individual, much like a
personality trait
 Other people’s encouragement,
guidance, and support
 Things, ideas, and events
© 2014 ACE
• Intrinsic motivation
 Intrinsic motivation is when a
person is engaged in exercise
activity for the inherent
pleasure and experience that
comes from the engagement
itself.
© 2014 ACE
• Extrinsic motivation
 Extrinsic motivation
involves the engagement
in exercise for any benefit
other than for the joy of
participation.
© 2014 ACE
• Intrinsic and extrinsic continuum

 While many people truly enjoy
being physically active, most adults
depend on some amount of
extrinsic motivation and fall
somewhere on the continuum.
© 2014 ACE
SELF-EFFICACY
• Self-efficacy in an exercise
context is defined as the
belief in one’s own
capabilities to successfully
engage in a physical-activity
program.
© 2014 ACE
SELF-EFFICACY
• Relationship between
motivation and self-
efficacy
 By being aware of self-
efficacy levels, personal
trainers will be better
able to consistently
motivate their clients and
help them create positive
self-belief.
© 2014 ACE
SELF-EFFICACY AND MOTIVATION
• By being aware of self-efficacy levels, personal trainers will be

better able to consistently motivate their clients and help them
create positive self-belief.
• Additionally, personal trainers should:
 Use communication and awareness to be in touch with thought
patterns of their clients
 Create short-term success by designing a workout that the client
will master, which will demonstrate growth and achievement
 Be aware of how much feedback a client needs and then provide
that support
 Help clients reevaluate appraisals of their physiological states to
create more positive interpretations
 Teach clients to appropriately identify muscle fatigue, soreness,
and tiredness, and help clients view the “feelings” of working
out in a more positive light
© 2014 ACE
MAINTAINING CLIENT MOTIVATION
• It is important for any

individual who
participates regularly in a
physical-activity program
to implement strategies
to prevent the occurrence
of a relapse to an inactive
state.
© 2014 ACE
• Assertiveness
 Assertiveness is
defined as the honest
and straightforward
expression of one’s
thoughts, feelings, and
beliefs.
© 2014 ACE
• Self-regulation
 Personal trainers should
strive to teach their
clients to become
effective self-regulators
of their own behaviors,
schedules, time, and
priorities.
© 2014 ACE
• High-risk situations
 Clients and trainers
who identify high-risk
situations will be more
prepared to deal with
program barriers and
relapses.
© 2014 ACE
FACTORS INFLUENCING EXERCISE PARTICIPATION
• Research shows the

following factors influence
a person's decision to
engage in exercise
behavior:
 Personal attributes
 Environmental factors
 Physical-activity factors
© 2014 ACE
• Personal attribute factors:

 Demographic variables
 Health status
 Activity history
 Psychological traits
 Knowledge, attitude, and
beliefs
© 2014 ACE
• Environmental factors:
 Access to facilities
 Time
 Social support
© 2014 ACE
• Physical-activity factors:
 Intensity
 Injury
© 2014 ACE
FEEDBACK
• Providing clients with information about their progress and

performance is one of the most important roles of a personal
trainer. Without this knowledge, persistence suffers and
people give up.
 Extrinsic Feedback
o Reinforcement
o Error correction
o Encouragement
 Intrinsic Feedback
o Information that clients provide themselves based on what they
feel, see, or hear
• Long-term program adherence is dependent on the client’s
ability to provide his or her own feedback.
© 2014 ACE
LEADERSHIP QUALITIES
• An effective personal
trainer will become a
leader who successfully
influences the way his or
her clients think, feel, and
behave.
© 2014 ACE
• The art and science

 Leadership is both an art and a
science and must be practiced
and perfected.
 It may be helpful to view the
personal trainer role as that of
a coach who is working
together with the client to
achieve common goals.
© 2014 ACE
• Personal trainers are also

entrusted with creating a
positive and enjoyable
experience.
© 2014 ACE
BUILDING CLIENT ADHERENCE
• Because there is no single right way to create and

enhance motivation and adherence, trainers must be
aware, creative, and compassionate with their
interactions and programming as it relates to the
following:
 Program design
 Role clarity
 Goal setting
 Contracts and agreements
© 2014 ACE
• A significant and time-consuming part of a personal

trainer’s job is exercise program design.
• The trainer must have the ability to design a safe and
effective physical-activity program in regards to the
client’s:
 Preferences
 Schedule
 Experience
 Apprehensions
 Constraints
© 2014 ACE
• Goal setting
 Personal trainers should take the time to teach their
clients about setting proper goals.
 All goals should follow the SMART guidelines:
o Specific
o Measurable
o Attainable
o Relevant
o Time-bound
© 2014 ACE
• Contracts and agreements

 Creating clarity within a program related to expectations
and goals can be the difference between success and
failure.
 When used effectively, these documents can:
o Give the entire training process clarity
o Define what the client should expect
o Define what the program entails
o Explain the rationale for the program design
 This process enhances the communication between the
client and the personal trainer and should give the client
an accurate perception of the program.
© 2014 ACE

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ACE Personal Trainer Manual

• Numerous theoretical constructs

• Intrinsic and extrinsic continuum

• By being aware of self-efficacy levels, personal trainers will be

• It is important for any

• Research shows the

• Personal attribute factors:

• Providing clients with information about their progress and

• The art and science

• Personal trainers are also

• Because there is no single right way to create and

• A significant and time-consuming part of a personal

• Contracts and agreements

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