THE BIRTH OF FILIPINO

NATIONAL
CONSCIOUSNESS
 NATIONALIS
M
WHAT IS NATIONALISM (NATIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS)?
NATIONALISM (MERRIAM-WEBSTER)

• Loyalty and devotion to a nation.

• A sense of national consciousness exalting one
nation above all others and placing primary
emphasis on promotion of its culture and
interests as opposed to those of other nations or
supranational groups.
CAUSES OF NATIONAL
CONSCIOUSNESS

WHAT ARE THEY?

The Spanish Revolution (1868)
THE SPANISH REVOLUTION (1868)

• When the rule of the monarch of Spain ceased

temporarily due to the Spanish Revolution of
1868. It was a bloodless revolution that resulted
in the overthrow of Queen Isabella II (1836-
1868).
• The military coup was led by Generals Francisco
Serrano and Juan Prim. Their victory forced the
queen to abdicate and live in self-exile in France.
• The provisional government established was
headed by Gen. Serrano which lasted for two
years and succeeded to implement a liberal
constitution for Spain.
• One of its provisions was the granting of both
political and civil rights to its citizens. Among the
beneficiaries of the liberal ideas introduced by
the new government was the Philippines.
• The newly established Spanish government and
the rule of its liberal officials greatly inspired the
intelligentsia or middle class to be involved in the
affairs of the government.
The Opening of the Suez Canal (1869)
• The opening on November 17, 1869 of the Suez
Canal in Egypt, one of the most important artificial
sea-level waterways in the world, paved the way
for the Philippines' direct commercial relations
with Spain instead of via Mexico.
• As travel time from the Philippines to Spain and
vice versa was shortened to 30 days from more
than two months, this positively affected the
development of agricultural exports, which brought
economic prosperity to native indios or the so-
called “ilustrados” (Filipinos with money and
education).
• These development also paved the way for Filipino
"ilustrados" to send their children to universities in
Europe.
• The rise of the "ilustrados" was inevitable and they
became the new patrons of the arts that led to the
secularization of arts in the 19th century.
• The Suez Canal was often called the "crossroads of
Europe, Africa and Asia" because the route was
used to transport goods to and from all three
continents.
SPREAD OF NEW IDEAS
 III. SPREAD OF NEW
IDEAS
▷ Philippines was opened by
Spain to World Trade
▷ Liberal ideas , contained books
and newspapers, were ideologies
of the American and French
Revolutions and the thoughts of
different philosophers such as:
 III. SPREAD OF NEW
IDEAS
▷ MONTESQUIEU
- separation of
powers
▷VOLTAIRE
- freedom of religion
▷LOCKE
- liberalism
▷JEFFERSON
- anti-slavery
 III. SPREAD OF NEW
IDEAS

• ▷ LIBERAL IDEAS FROM EUROPE

Principalia
FILTERED IN or
The Principalía WHEN
noble SPAIN GRADUALLY
class was the ruling
and usually educated upper class in the
EXPOSED
towns of Spanish Philippines
• PHIL. TO INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE.
• ▷ THE SONS AND DAUGHTERS OF THE
exposure to libertarian ideas.
PRINCIPALIA WERE ABLE TO ATTAIN
EDUCATION, THEREUPON GIVING
THEN
 III. SPREAD OF NEW
IDEAS
▷ Liberal ideas from Europe
filtered in when Spain gradually
exposed Phil. To international
commerce.
▷ The sons and daughters of
the principalia were able to
attain education, thereupon
giving then exposure to
libertarian ideas.
 III. SPREAD OF NEW
IDEAS
▷ Illustrados like Rizal, Del Pilar
and Jaena whoIlustrados
had their
education
The Ilustradosinconstituted the Filipino educated
class
Europeduring the Spanish
obtained colonial
liberal ideasperiod in the
late 19th century.
on these significant events in
the history of the world.
 III. SPREAD OF NEW
IDEAS
▷ Ilustrados like Rizal, Del Pilar
and Jaena who had their
education in Europe obtained
liberal ideas on these significant
events in the history of the
world.
 III. SPREAD OF NEW
IDEAS
▷ Sentiments against the
Principales - The masses had
been skeptical about local
aristocracy due to their
proportion and influence in the
society
IV. RACIAL PREJUDICE
AGAINST THE FILIPINO
PEOPLE
IV. RACE PREJUDICE AGAINST
THE FILIPINO PRIESTS

▷ Two kinds of priests served

the Catholic Church in the
Philippines. These were the
regulars and the seculars.
 IV. RACIAL PREJUDICE
AGAINST THE FILIPINO
PRIESTS
▷ Conflict began when the
bishops insisted on visiting the
parishes that were being run by
regular priests. The regular
priests refused these visits,
saying that they were not under
the bishop’s jurisdiction. They
threatened to abandon their
parishes if the bishops persisted.
 IV. RACIAL PREJUDICE
AGAINST THE FILIPINO
PRIESTS
▷ The regulars resented the
move because they considered
the Filipinos unfit for the
priesthood. Among other
reasons they cited the
Filipinos’ brown skin, lack of
education, and inadequate
experience.
 IV. RACIAL PREJUDICE
AGAINST THE FILIPINO
PRIESTS

• ▷ THE CONTROVERSY BECAME MORE

INTENSE WHEN THE JESUITS
RETURNED TO THE PHILIPPINES. THEY
HAD BEEN EXILED FROM THE
COUNTRY BECAUSE OF CERTAIN
POLICIES OF THE ORDER THAT THE
SPANISH AUTHORITIES DID NOT LIKE.
 IV. RACIAL PREJUDICE
AGAINST THE FILIPINO
PRIESTS
▷ The issue soon took on a
racial slant. The Spaniards
were clearly favoring their
own regular priest over
Filipino priests.
RACIAL HIRERARCHY
Racial Hirerachy

Peninsulares Insulares

Spanish mestizos,
Principalia Chinese
mestizos

Natives or Indios
PENINSULAR
ES
▷They are the
highest class in
the Philippines,
entrusted with the
offices of high
rank.
INSULAR
ES
▷Insulares. They
are a rank below
the peninsulares.
The insulares are of
European
descent but
born in the
colonies of Spain.
INSULAR
ES
▷insulares enjoy
various goverment
and church positions
but as economics and
power shifted, they
changed to capitalist
driven entrepreneurs
owning large parcels
of lands.
 MESTIZO DE
ESPANOL
▷They are offsprings
of Spanish people
interbreeding with
Filipinos. Mestizo is
a term given to
individuals
inheriting foreign
ancestry.
 MESTIZO DE
ESPANOL
▷They may have
better relations
with the local
governors or with
the church as they
are favored more
compared to the
common man.
 MESTIZO DE
SANGLEY
▷A person of
Filipino or any
racial descent
marrying a Chinese,
the result is
children that will
be
called mestizo
de sangley.
 MESTIZO DE
SANGLEY
▷artisans and
petty traders
▷ allowed to lease
lands from friar
estates and
earned from it.
 NATIVES OR
“INDIOS”
▷ pure-
blooded
Filipino People
▷ lowest class in
the Philippine
society during
Spanish rule
Natives or
“Indios”
▷ considered
as “slaves”
IV. Racial Prejudice against
the Filipino People

▷ Filipinos are considered as

an inferior race with limited
intelligence
V. MARTYRDOM OF
GOMBURZA
GOMBURZ
A
Gomburza or
GOMBURZA refers to
three Filipino Catholic
priests (Mariano Gómez,
José Burgos, and Jacinto
Zamora), who were
executed on 17 February
1872 at Luneta in
Bagumbayan
 On January 20, 1872, two hundred Filipinos employed
at the Cavite arsenal staged a revolt against the
Spanish government’s voiding of their exemption from
the payment of tributes. The Cavite Mutiny led to the
persecution of prominent Filipinos; secular priests
Mariano Gómez, José Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora—
who would then be collectively named GomBurZa—
were tagged as the masterminds of the uprising. The
priests were charged with treason and sedition by the
Spanish military tribunal—a ruling believed to be part
of a conspiracy to stifle the growing popularity of
Filipino secular priests and the threat they posed to
the Spanish clergy. The GomBurZa were publicly
executed, by garrote, on the early morning of
February 17, 1872 at Bagumbayan.
 V. MARTYRDOM OF
GOMBURZA
▷ The Filipino people deeply
resented the execution of Fathers
Gomez, Burgos and Zamora.
▷ They were acclaimed as the
executed priests as true martyrs of
their fatherland.
 V. MARTYRDOM OF
GOMBURZA
▷ The execution of GOMBURZA
speed up the growth of Philippine
Nationalism, which ultimately
brought about Spain’s downfall.
 V. MARTYRDOM OF
GOMBURZA
▷ The concept of nationhood
coincided with the development of
the concept of Filipinos.
▷ Before, Filipinos would only refer
to the españoles insulares. Later, it
included the mestizos de sangley
and the native elite who had
Hispanized themselves
 V. MARTYRDOM OF
GOMBURZA
▷ Also the invention of printing
press helped the propagandist
express and show their thoughts
and ideas through newspaper.
Because of this, Filipino masses
became more aware on the events
happening around them.
 V. MARTYRDOM OF
GOMBURZA
▷ The propagandists tried to infuse
Filipino with national meaning,
which later included the entire
people in the archipelago
▷ Since then, Filipinos recognize
the importance of expressing
their self, their own nationality,
and their freedom.
 SUMMAR
Y

Opening of Suez Spread of New Ideas The Spanish

Canal Stimulated the The concept of liberalism Revolution of 1868
spread of intellectual engaged the Filipinos to Start of a liberal regime
practices and traditions fight for their rights and
from Europe freedom

Race Prejudice against Martyrdom of

the Filipino People GomBurZa
Filipinos are considered as Started the uprising
an inferior race with a of Filipino
limited intellectual Nationalism
capabilities
 THE
PROPAGANDA
M O V EM EN T
PROPAGANDA
What is
PROPAGANDA?
 PROPAGANDA (MERRIAM-
WEBSTER)
▷ ideas or statements that are
often false or exaggerated and
that are spread in order to help
a cause, a political leader, a
government, etc.
PROPAGAN
DA
MOVEMENT
The emergence
of more Filipino
ilustrados gave
birth to a unifies
nationalist
movement.
PROPAGAN
DA
MOVEMENT
The campaign
was known in
our history as
the Propaganda
Movement
PROPAGAN
DA
MOVEMENT
Rizal, del Pilar
and Lopez Jaena
are considered
to be the pillars
of the
Propaganda
Movement
 AIM OF PROPAGANDA
MOVEMENT
▷ to have a peaceful assimilation,
referring to the transition of the
Philippines from being a colony to
a province of Spain.
 GRACIANO
LOPEZ
JAENA
▷ left the
Philippines for
Spain in 1880
after publishing
a satirical novel,
Fray Botod
(Father Fatso).
GRACIANO
LOPEZ
JAENA
▷In 1889, he
started the
newspaper,
La
Solidaridad
MARCELO
H. DEL
PILAR
▷ lawyer and
journalist
from the
town of
Bulacan
MARCELO
H. DEL
PILAR
▷ became the
editor-in-
chief of the
La
Solidaridad
 JOSE
RIZAL
▷His more
popular works
were his two
novels Noli
Me Tangere
and El
Filibusterismo
▷He
annotated
the book,
Sucesos de las
Islas Filipinas
which
showed that
Filipinos had
developed
culture even
before the
Spanish
occupation.
 THE PROPAGANDA
MOVEMENT
▷Many Filipino propagandists
turned into masons because they
needed the help of the masons in
Spain and in other countries in
their fight of reforms.
▷This organization is
called Freemasonry
LA LIGA FILIPINA
La Liga
Filipina
▷Rizal wrote the constitution of
La Liga Filipina while living in
Hong Kong with the help of Jose
Ma Basa
 “
“Unus Instar
Omnium”
- La Liga
 THE OBJECTIVES OF LA LIGA
WERE:
▷ the unification of the whole
archipelago into one compact,
vigorous, and homogeneous
body
▷ protection in cases of want
and necessity
▷ defense against violence
and injustice
▷ study and implementation
of reforms
 LA LIGA
FILIPINA
▷ On July 6, 1892, Rizal was
secretly arrested by order of
Governor Despujol and
subsequently imprisoned at
Fort Santiago.
 LA LIGA
FILIPINA
▷ The following day, the
governor general ordered the
deportation of Rizal to Dapitan,
Zamboanga del Norte as
punishment of his allegedly
submersive materials
END OF THE PROPAGANDA
MOVEMENT
 THE END OF THE
PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
▷ Rizal’s arrest marked the
crucial period of the
propagandists
▷ La Liga Filipina collapsed
▷M.H. Del Pilar and Lopez
Jaena died in Barcelona
(1896)
 THE REVOLUTION
The end ofBEGINS
the propaganda
movement marked the beginning
of a revolution. The writings by
the Propaganda Movement
inspired Andres Bonifacio to
establish the “Katipunan” and set
the Philippines' revolution in
place.
 “
“He who does not know how to
look back at what he came from
will never get to his destination.”
- Jose Rizal
GOOD AFTERNOON!
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