Data Communication Modes of Data Communication. Transmission Media Computer Networking

Course Outline
Data communication
Modes of Data Communication.
Transmission Media
Computer Networking
Types of Networks
Network Topologies
Introduction to Internet
Advantages/disadvantages of Internet
Internet service / Application
05/13/2021 Compiled by Tadesse B (MSc) 1

Introduction
Communication is the process of sharing a message.
A conversation between two people is an example of communication.
Examples: emails and instant messages, phone calls.
A communication system can be defined as the collection of hardware and
software that facilitates intersystem exchange of information between
different devices.
sharing can be local (face-to-face communication) or it may be remote
(communication over distance).
Data communication is the exchange of data between two devices using
some form of wired or wireless transmission medium.
It is the function of transporting data from one point to another.
In this case the sender and the receiver are machines and the medium can
be a network cable.
Elements of Data Communication
Sender: - The computer or device that is used for sending data is called
sender, source or transmitter.
Medium: - The means through which data is sent from one location to
another is called transmission medium.
Examples: telephone lines, fiber optics or microwaves.
Receiver: - The device or computer that receives the data is called receiver.
Example: computer, printer or a fax machine.
Protocols:- There are rules under which data transmission takes place
between sender and receiver.
֎The data communication software's are used to transfer data from one
computer to another.
Message:- is the information to be communicated

Modes of Data Communication
The manner in which data is transmitted from one location to
another location is called data transmission mode.
Simplex, Half duplex and Full duplex
Simplex Mode: - data is transmitted in only one direction.
 A terminal can only send data and cannot receive it or it can
only receive data but cannot send it.
Simplex mode is usually used for a remote device that is
meant only to receive data.
It is not possible to confirm successful transmission of data
in simplex mode.
This mode is not widely used.
Modes of Data Communication …
Cont…
Examples: Speaker, radio and television broadcasting on which
the signal is send from the transmission to your TV antenna.
There is no return signal.
Advantages of Simplex
Cheapest communication method.
Disadvantage of Simplex
Only allows for communication in one direction.

Half Duplex: - data can be transmitted in both directions but only in
one direction at a time.
During any transmission, one is the transmitter and the other is
receiver.
This mode is slow down data transmission rate.
Transmission of data can be confirmed.
example: Wireless communication, walkie-talkie.
Advantages of Half Duplex
Costs less than full duplex.
Enables for two way communications.
Disadvantages of Half Duplex
Costs more than simplex.
Only one device can transmit at a time.

Full Duplex:- data transmitted in both directions simultaneously.
Faster mode for transmitting data because no time wastes in
switching directions.
Example: telephone
Advantage of Full Duplex
Enables two-way communication simultaneously.
Disadvantage of Full Duplex
The most expensive method in terms of equipment because of two
bandwidth channels is required.

Transmission Media
A physical path between transmitter and receiver in a data transmission
system.
Guided: - Transmission capacity depends critically on the medium, the
length, and whether the medium is point-to-point or multipoint (e.g. LAN).
Examples are co-axial cable, twisted pair, and optical fiber.
Unguided: provides a means for transmitting electro-magnetic signals but
do not guide them.
Example wireless transmission.
Characteristics and quality of data transmission are determined by
medium and signal characteristics.
Unguided media, the bandwidth of the signal produced by the transmitting
antenna and the size of the antenna is more important than the medium.

Transmission Media…
Coaxial Cable:
 Very common & widely used commutation media. example TV
wire.
 Coaxial cable gets its name because it contains two conductors
that are parallel to each other.
Characteristics of Coaxial Cable
Low cost
Up to 10Mbps capacity
Easy to install
Medium of attenuation

Cont…
Advantages Coaxial Cable
Inexpensive
Easy to expand
Easy to wire
Moderate level of Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) immunity
Disadvantage Coaxial Cable
Single cable failure can take down an entire network

Twisted Pair Cable
 The most popular network cabling is twisted pair.
 The twists are done to reduce vulnerably to EMI and cross talk.
1. Unshielded twisted pair (UTP)
2. Shielded twisted pair (STP)
Unshielded twisted pair (UTP)
 UTP is more common.
 It can be voice grade or data grade depending on the condition.
 UTP cable normally has an impedance of 100 ohm.
 UTP cables consist of 2 or 4 pairs of twisted cable.
 Cable with 2 pair use RJ-11 connector and 4 pair cable use RJ-45
connector.

Characteristics of UTP Advantages of UTP
low cost Easy installation
easy to install Capable of high speed for
High speed capacity LAN
High attenuation Low cost
Effective to EMI Disadvantages of UTP
100 meter limit Short distance due to
attenuation

Shielded twisted pair (STP)
 It is similar to UTP but has a mesh shielding that’s protects it from EMI
which allows for higher transmission rate.
Characteristics of STP
Medium cost
Higher attenuation, but same as UTP
Easy to install
Medium immunity from EMI
Higher capacity than UTP
100 meter limit
Advantages of STP
Shielded
Faster than UTP and coaxial
Disadvantages of STP
More expensive than UTP and coaxial
More difficult installation
High attenuation rate
Fiber Optics
 It uses electrical signals to transmit data. It uses light.
 In fiber optic cable light only moves in one direction for two
way communication to take place a second connection must
be made between the two devices.
 Fiber optic cable has bandwidth more than 2 gbps
Advantages
Characteristics Fast
Expensive Low attenuation
Extremely low attenuation No EMI interference
Very hard to install
Disadvantages
Very costly
No EMI interference
Hard to install
Capable of extremely high speed
Computer Networking
Defined as the interconnection of computers and other
communication equipment’s connected by a communication channel.
Medium wired or wireless communication channel.

Examples: Wired twisted pair cable, co-axial cable or fiber optic
cable
Wireless microwave or satellite communication system.
Importance of Computer Networking

Used for resource sharing and
Used as a communication medium

Computer Networking…
Resource sharing
Data/information sharing,
Program/software sharing
Device / hardware sharing
Data /Information Sharing: - This involves access to remote or
distributed database and files containing data, text, image or video.
Program/software Sharing: - Programs stored on a central server
can simultaneously be accessed and loaded for execution on several
local computers.
Device / hardware Sharing:-Computer networks enable us to share
expensive hard wares (or peripheral devices).
Example: other computers, printers, scanners etc.
 A typical example of shared resource is printer.

Computer Networking…
Communication medium
Uses of computers as a communication medium includes:
Electronic mail (e-mail)
Video conferencing

Types of Networks
Networks are commonly classified by ownership i.e. :
Private Networks
Public Networks
Private Network: is built by an organization for its exclusive use.
Example: the network in this campus is a private network.
Public Network: is established and operated by a network service
provider (NSP) for the specific purpose of providing services to
customer organizations and individuals.
Example: ETC (Ethiopian Telecommunications Corporation)

Types of Networks …
According to their geographical range networks are classified in to
three i.e.
Local Area Network (LAN)
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Local Area Network (LAN)
LAN is a limited geographical area.
example, University campus, a school, a factory or an office.
The connection is usually made through a cable.
LANs are typically private networks.

Types of Networks …
Cont…
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
MAN is the interconnection of LANs within a city wide geographical area.
Wide Area Network (WAN)
WAN can cover large geographical area by using one or more
communication channels such as:
Telephone lines
Fiber optic cables
Microwave and satellite communication systems
WANs are slower than LANs in that they have a bandwidth of 45 Mbs
WANs can be either private or public
Private WANs: usually link fewer computers than LANs. For example
companies which have office in different cities like IBM
Public WANs: connect up to several million computers.

Network Topologies
The layout or arrangement of computers in a network.
It is schematic description of a network arrangement, connecting
various nodes (sender and receiver) through lines of connection.
BUS Topology
It is network type in which every computer and network device is
connected to single cable.
When it has exactly two endpoints, then it is called Linear Bus
topology

Network Topologies…
Features of Bus Topology
It transmits data only in one direction.
Every device is connected to a single cable
Advantages of Bus Topology
It is cost effective.
Cable required is least compared to other network topology.
Used in small networks.
It is easy to understand.
Disadvantages of Bus Topology
Cables fails then whole network fails.
If network traffic is heavy or nodes are more the performance of the
network decreases.
Cable has a limited length.
It is slower than the ring topology.
Easy to expand joining two cables together.
Ring Topology
It forms a ring as each computer is connected to another computer,
with the last one connected to the first.
Exactly two neighbors for each device.
Features of Ring Topology
A number of repeaters are used for Ring topology with large
number of nodes, Hence to prevent data loss repeaters are used in the
network.
The transmission is unidirectional, but it can be made bidirectional
by having 2 connections between each Network Node, it is called
Dual Ring Topology.
if one ring fails, the second ring can act as a backup, to keep the
network up.
Data is transferred in a sequential manner that is bit by bit
Advantages of Ring Topology
Transmitting network is not affected by high traffic or by adding more

nodes, as only the nodes having tokens can transmit data.
Cheap to install and expand
Disadvantages of Ring Topology

Troubleshooting is difficult in ring topology.
Adding or deleting the computers disturbs the network activity.
Failure of one computer disturbs the whole network.
Only that node is affected which has failed, rest of the nodes can work

STAR Topology
All the computers are connected to a single hub through a cable.
This hub is the central node and all others nodes are connected to
the central node.
Features of Star Topology
Every node has its own dedicated connection to the hub.
Hub acts as a repeater for data flow.
Can be used with twisted pair, Optical Fiber or coaxial cable.

Advantages of Star Topology
Fast performance with few nodes and low network traffic.
Hub can be upgraded easily.
Easy to troubleshoot.
Easy to setup and modify.
Only that node is affected which has failed, rest of the nodes can
work
Disadvantages of Star Topology
Cost of installation is high.
Expensive to use.
If the hub fails then the whole network is stopped because all the
nodes depend on the hub.
Performance is based on the hub that is it depends on its capacity

Mesh Topology
It is a point-to-point connection to other nodes or devices.
All the network nodes are connected to each other.

Mesh has n (n-1)/2 physical channels to link n devices.
Features of Mesh Topology

Fully connected.
Robust.
Not flexible.

Advantages
Each connection can carry its own data load.

It is robust.
Fault is diagnosed easily.

Provides security and privacy.
Disadvantages
Installation and configuration is difficult.

Cabling cost is more
Bulk wiring is required

Tree Topology
It has a root node and all other nodes are connected to it forming a
hierarchy.
It is also called hierarchical topology.
It should at least have three levels to the hierarchy.
Features of Tree Topology
Ideal if workstations are located in groups.
Used in Wide Area Network.

Advantages of Tree Topology
Extension of bus and star topologies.
Expansion of nodes is possible and easy.
Easily managed and maintained.
Error detection is easily done.
Disadvantages of Tree Topology
Heavily cabled.
Costly.
If more nodes are added maintenance is difficult.
Central hub fails, network fails.

Internet
It is taken from two words, INTERnational NETwork,
 i.e. internet is an international network of computers.
Internet is:
Computer _ based global information system
Network of networks i.e. composed of many interconnected
computers and computer networks
each computer network may link tens, hundreds and thousands of
computers with in themselves
Internet has made it possible for people all over the world to
communicate with one another effectively and inexpensively.

Internet
 The Internet is a network of computers spanning the globe. It is
also called the World Wide Web.
 An Internet Browser is a software program that enables you to
view Web pages on your computer.
 A site or area on the World Wide Web that is accessed by its own
Internet address is called a Web site.
 A Web Page is like a page in a book. Websites often have several
pages that you can access by clicking on links. A Web site can be
a collection of related Web pages.
 Each Web site contains a home page (this is the original starting
page) and may also contain additional pages.
 Different computers will have different home pages. You can set
your own webpage.

Who owns (runs) the internet?
 Nobody owns internet, i.e. there is no single authority
that controls the internet.
 Like radio, and TV, internet don’t have a centralized
distribution system.
 So every network that is connected to the internet is
responsible for its own part.

Advantages/disadvantages of Internet
Advantages
Faster Communication: - Newer innovations are only going to
make it faster and more reliable.
Information Resources:- The search engines like Google, Yahoo
are at your service on the Internet.
Entertainment:- In fact, the Internet has become quite successful in
trapping the multifaceted entertainment industry
Social Networking:- has become so popular amongst youth that it
might one day replace physical networking.
Online Services:- You can book tickets for a movie, transfer funds,
pay utility bills, taxes etc., right from your home
E-Commerce:- It has become a phenomenon associated with any
kind of shopping, business deal etc

Advantages/disadvantages of Internet…
Disadvantages
Theft of Personal Information:- online banking, social networking
or other services, you may risk a theft to your personal information
such as name, address, credit card number etc.
Spamming: -Sending unwanted e-mails in bulk, which provide no
purpose and needlessly obstruct the entire system.
Virus Threat:-Internet users are often plagued by virus attacks on
their systems
Pornography:- the biggest disadvantage of the Internet.
 Unrestricted access to porn can be detrimental for children and
teenagers. It can even play havoc in marital and social lives of
adults.
Social Disconnect:- This may hamper a healthy social development
in children.
Internet Application/ Service
E-mail
World Wide Web
Remote login
File transfer
Video conferencing
e-mail:
e-mail allows user to:-
Send a message to just only one user or group of users,
To read, print, forward, answer (replay) or delete a message,
Attach large documents.

Internet Application/ Service…
Basic email functions:-
Send and receive mail messages
Save your messages in a file
Print mail messages
Reply to mail messages
Attach a file to a mail message
Email address
someone@mail server
The email address has three parts:
A user name
An "at" sign (@)
The address of the user's mail server
Example
ktade71@gmail.com
World Wide Web (WWW)
WWW is also known as W3.
It offers a way to access documents spread over the several servers
over the internet.
These documents may contain texts, graphics, audio, video,
hyperlinks.
The hyperlinks allow the users to navigate between the documents.
A Uniform Resource Locator or URL is the address of a document
you'll find on the WWW.
elements in a URL:
Protocol://server's address/filename:-
Example: http://www.google.com/index.html

Remote Login or Telnet
Telecommunication utility software, which uses available
telecommunication facility and allows you become a user on a
remote computer.
The commands typed on the client computer are sent to the local
Internet Service Provider (ISP), and then from the ISP to the remote
computer that you have gained access.
Most of the ISP provides facility to TELENET into your own account
from another city and check your e-mail while you are traveling or
away on business.
File Transfer Protocol
The Internet and its predecessors were created to facilitate
information exchange.
The oldest services to the Internet were developed for this purpose.
It enables you to examine files of remote hosts on the Internet and
to copy files to your computer or send your own files to the host
computer.
The files can have different formats, Like program, data or other
files.
Video Conferencing/ Video teleconferencing
a method of communicating by two-way video and audio
transmission with help of telecommunication technologies.


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Course Outline

Modes of Data Communication.

Internet service / Application

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Medium wired or wireless communication channel.

Importance of Computer Networking

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Transmitting network is not affected by high traffic or by adding more

Cheap to install and expand

Disadvantages of Ring Topology

Adding or deleting the computers disturbs the network activity.

Failure of one computer disturbs the whole network.

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All the network nodes are connected to each other.

Features of Mesh Topology

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Each connection can carry its own data load.

Fault is diagnosed easily.

Installation and configuration is difficult.

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