Overview of Auditing The CPA Profession
Overview of Auditing The CPA Profession
Overview of Auditing The CPA Profession
Overview of Auditing
CPA Profession
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Topik Bahasan
1 Definisi Auditing
2 Fungsi dan Peran Auditing
3 Jenis Audit dan Auditor
4 Perkembangan Profesi Akuntan Publik
5 Karakteristik Organisasi KAP
6 Persyaratan & Sertifikasi AP
7 Organisasi Profesi & Institusi Terkait
8 Regulasi & Standar Profesional
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Tujuan Pembelajaran
Setelah mengikuti kuliah ini mahasiswa diharapkan
mampu:
•Menjelaskan definisi auditing
•Menjelaskan fungsi dan peran auditing bagi pengguna
informasi
•Mengidentifikasi jenis-jenis umum audit dan auditor
•Mengetahui sejarah dan perkembangan profesi akuntan
publik di dunia dan Indonesia.
•Menjelaskan sifat dan karakteristik organisasi KAP serta
hierarhi karir akuntan publik di KAP.
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Tujuan Pembelajaran
Setelah mengikuti kuliah ini mahasiswa diharapkan
mampu:
•Mengetahui persyaratan untuk menjadi akuntan publik
dan sertifikasinya (CPA Indonesia)
•Menjelaskan fungsi dan peran organisasi profesi akuntan
publik di Indonesia dan Internasional
•Menjelaskan institusi2 dan regulasi2 yang mendukung
peningkatan mutu akuntan publik .
•Menjelaskan kerangka standar profesional yang
digunakan akuntan publik dalam praktek publik.
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Describe auditing.
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Auditing Defined
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Auditing Defined
The important components of the audit definition
• A systematic approach;
• Objectivity;
• Obtain and evaluate evidence;
• Assertions;
• Ascertain the degree of of correspondence;
• Communicating the results
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Auditing Defined
A systematic approach
A logical, structured, and organized series of steps or
procedures.
•An audit must be planned and structured in such a way
that those carrying out the audit can fully examine and
analyse all important evidence.
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Auditing Defined
Objectively
An audit is an independen, objective, expert examination
and evaluation of evidence.
•The auditors should be independen and competent
person.
•They are fair, and do not allow prejudice or bias to
override their objectivity.
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Auditing Defined
Obtaining and evaluating evidence
Examining the bases for the assertions (evidence) and
evaluating the results without bias or prejudice.
•Evidence is any information used by the auditor to
determine whether the assertions being audited is stated
in accordance with the established criteria
•Almost the entire of the auditing process relate to the
activities of obtaining and evaluating evidence .
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Auditing Defined
Asssertions about economic actions and events
Assertions are the representations made by the entity or
individual.
•The basis of evidence-gathering objectives, what the
evidence must prove.
•In an audit of financial statements, they are
representations by management, explicit or otherwise, that
are embodied in the financial statements.
•Example : assertion about existence is that all the assets
reported on the statement of financial position actually
exist at the balance sheet date
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Auditing Defined
Established Criteria
To do an audit, there must be assertions in a verifiable
form and some standards by which the auditor can
evaluate the assertions.
Example :
Assertions Criteria
- Financial Statements IFRS, SAK, US GAAP, SAP
- SPT Pajak Penghasilan UU & Peraturan Pajak
- Laporan Biaya Produksi Anggaran Biaya Produksi
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Auditing Defined
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Auditing Defined
Performed by a competent, independent person
The auditor must be qualified to understand the criteria
used and must be competent to know the types and
amount of evidence to accumulate to reach proper
conclusion after the evidence has been examined.
The competence of the individual performing the audit
is of little value if he or she is biased in the
accumulation of evidence.
In an audit of financial statements, auditors essentially
lend credibility to the financial statements presented by
management.
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Explain the importance
of auditing
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The Importance of Auditing
Information risk
Information risk reflects the
possibility that the information
upon which the business
decision was made was Risk
inaccurate
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The Importance of Auditing
Investors & other stakeholders need to know :
Is the company a going concern?
Is it free of fraud?
Is it managed properly?
Is there integrity in its database?
Do directors have proper and adequate information to
make decisions?
Are there adequate controls?
What effect do the company's products and by-products
have on the environment?
Can an ‘unfortunate mistake’ bring this company to its
knees?
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The Importance of Auditing
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Differentiate the three
main types of audits.
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Types of Audit
• Operational Audits
• Compliance Audits
• Audits of Financial Statements
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Operational Audits
An operational audit is a study of a specific unit of an
organization for the purpose of measuring its performance
(effectiveness, efficient & economy).
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Compliance Audits
A compliance audit is a review of an organization’s
procedures performed to determine whether the organization
is following specific procedures, rules , or regulations set out
by some higher authority.
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Audits of Financial Statements
Audits of financial statements examine financial statements
to determine if they give a true and fair view or fairly present
the financial statements in conformity with specified criteria.
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Example –
Audit of Financial Statements
Information
Competent,
independent Assertions in the
person Financial statements
Report on results
Independent
Auditor Determines Independent
correspondence Auditors’
Report
Accumulates and
evaluates evidence Established criteria
Examine evidence
Financial Reporting
underlying of
Framework
financial statements
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Identify the primary
types of auditors.
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Types of Auditors
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Certifications of the Auditors
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The development of
CPA profession.
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The development of CPA Profession
ANCIENT HISTORY
•Records of auditing activity in early Babylonian times
(around 3,000 BC) - China, Greece, Egypt and Rome.
• The Latin meaning of the word 'auditor' was a 'hearer or
listener' because in Rome auditors heard taxpayers
regarding the results of their business and the tax duty
due.
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The development of CPA Profession
ERA MODERN AUDITING
Mid 1800s - British
• Revolusi industri di Eropa,
- awal dimulainya audit perusahaan, dilakukan oleh
Stockholders
- berdiri Society of Accountants
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The development of CPA Profession
Late 1900s – 2000s
• 1977 berdiri International Federation of Accountants
(IFAC), organisasi profesi akuntan sedunia.
- the International Auditing and Assurance Standard Board
(IAASB) menerbitkan International Code of Ethics for
Professional Accountants, Standards on Auditing, Review,
Other Assurance, and Related Services, dan International
Standard on Quality Control
- Wajib diterapkan oleh seluruh anggota IFAC
• USA :
- Sarbanse-Oxley Act
- Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB)
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The CPA Profession - Indonesia
1950s
• Profesi akuntan di Indonesia mulai dikenal tahun 50s.
• 1954 terbit UU tentang pemakaian gelar Akuntan
• Ikatan Akuntan Indonesia (IAI) didirikan 1957.
1970s
• 1973, IAI menerbitkan standar akuntansi (Prinsip
Akuntansi Indonesia/PAI) & standar auditing (Norma
Pemeriksaan Akuntan/NPA)
• 1977 dibentuk IAI Seksi Akuntan Publik (IAI SAP) dalam
struktur IAI sebagai wadah bagi para akuntan yang
berpraktek sebagai akuntan publik
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The CPA Profession - Indonesia
1990s
• 1994 IAI SAP berubah menjadi kompartemen (IAI KAP)
• 1994 PAI & NPA direvisi menjadi SAK & SPAP dengan
harmonisasi terhadap standar internasional.
• Audit oleh auditor independen menjadi mandatory dalam
peraturan2 perundang-undangan
• Pembinaan & pengawasan praktek akuntan publik oleh
regulator (Kemenkeu-PPPK) & Asosiasi Profesi-IAPI.
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The CPA Profession - Indonesia
2000s
2000 sertifikasi untuk akuntan publik (USAP – CPA)
2004 pendidikan profesi (PPAk) untuk gelar Akuntan
2007 IAI KAP berubah menjadi Institut Akuntan Publik
Indonesia (IAPI) yang independen dan mandiri.
IAPI menjadi anggota IFAC
2011 UU No.5/2011 tentang Akuntan Publik (UUAP)
2011 pemberlakuan SAK konvergensi IFRS dan SAK
ETAP
2013 pemberlakuan SPAP berbasis ISAs
2015 PP N0.20/2015 tentang Praktek Akuntan Publik
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Nature & Characteristics of
CPA Firms
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CPA Firms - Services
Assurance Services Related Services/
Non-Assurance
Audit of Historical
Financial Information Accounting services.
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CPA Firms - Services
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CPA Firms – Big Four
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Forum of Firms (FoF)
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Forum of Firms (FoF)
• Daftar KAP & jaringan KAP anggota FoF:
- The Big Four - Russel Bedford Intl.
- Baker Tilly Intl. Ltd - SMS Latinoamerica
- RSM Intl. Ltd - UHY Intl, Ltd
- Crowe Horwarth Intl. - BDO
- Grant Thornton Intl. Ltd - Constantin Associate
Network
- HLB Intl. - IECNet
- Kreston Intl. - JHI
- Moore Stephens Intl. Ltd - JPA Intl.
- Nexia Intl - Mazars
- PKF Intl. Ltd - Talal Abu Gahzaleh Intl.
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Structure of CPA Firms
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Organizational Structure
Indonesia USA
Proprietorship Proprietorship
Professional Corporation
Bentuk lain yang
sesuai dengan
karakteristik profesi
Limited Liability Company
(ditetapkan Menkeu)
Limited Liability Partnership
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Hierarchy of a Typical CPA Firm
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Requirements for Becoming
an Indonesia CPA
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Requirements for Becoming an
Indonesia CPA (UUAP)
S1/D-IV/
Akuntansi/Non Akuntansi
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Institutions Governing the
Operation of CPA Firms
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Institutions Governing the Operation
of CPA Firms in Indonesia
Institut Akuntan Publik Indonesia (IAPI)
Organisasi para akuntan yang berprofesi sebagai AP
- Menetapkan standar2 profesi – SPM, Kode Etik, SPAP
- Menyelenggarakan ujian sertifikasi AP (CPA)
- Menyelenggarakan pendidikan profesi berkelanjutan
- Melakukan review mutu
- Merekomendasikan sangsi pelanggaran standar profesi.
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Institutions Governing the Operation
of CPA Firms in Indonesia
Pusat Pembinaan Profesi Keuangan (PPPK)
– Kementerian Keuangan
Pengemban amanat UUAP untuk melakukan pembinaan &
pengawasan terhadap AP & KAP (regulator)
- Tujuan : Meningkatkan kualitas profesi AP
- Menetapkan persyaratan AP dan KAP
- Menerbitkan ijin praktek AP & ijin usaha KAP
- Mengawasi praktek AP & KAP – Review Mutu
- Memberikan sangsi pelanggaran peraturan & standar
profesi – administratif, pembekuan ijin, pencabutan ijin.
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Institutions Governing the Operation
of CPA Firms in Indonesia
Organisasi Jasa Keuangan (OJK)
• Mengatur & mengawasi AP yang memberikan jasa di
pasar modal & lembaga keuangan (bank, dana pensiun)
• Tergabung dalam Forum Akuntan Pasar Modal (FAPM)
dan Forum Akuntan Perbankan (FAP)
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Institutions Governing the Operation
of CPA Firms - International
International Federation of Accountants
(IFAC)
International Auditing and Assurance
Standards Board (IAASB)
International Ethics Standards Board for
Accountants (IESBA)
Public Company Accounting Oversight Board
(PCAOB - USA)
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Rules & Standards
Indonesia
• Undang-Undang Akuntan Publik
Students have to
• PP & PMK tentang Akuntan Publik read more details
• Peraturan BAPEPAM/OJK
• Standar Profesional Akuntan Publik (SPAP)
United States
• Sarbanes-Oxley Act
• PCAOB
• SEC Regulations
• US GAAS
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Rules & Standards
International - IFAC
• International Standards on Quality Control
• International Code of Ethics for Professional
Acccountants
• International Standards on Auditing
• International Standards on Review Engagements
• International Standards on Assurance Engagements
• International Standards on Related Services
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS FRAMEWORK FOR
ASSURANCE ENGAGEMENTS AND RELATED SERVICES
Objective
To provide Firms with reasonable assurance that:
1.The firm and its personnel comply with professional
standards and applicable legal and regulatory
requirements; and
2.Reports issued by the firm or engagement partners are
appropriate in the circumstances.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ON QUALITY
CONTROL (ISQCS)
Leadership Responsibility
Relevan Ethical Requirements
Acceptance and Continuance of
Client Relationships
Human Resources
Engagement Performance
Monitoring
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ON
AUDITING (ISAS)
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ON
REVIEW ENGAGEMENTS (ISRES)
2000 - 2699
2400 Engagement to Review Financial Statements
2410 Review of Financial Information Performed
by the Independent Auditor of the Entity
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ON
ASSURANCE ENGAGEMENTS
(ISAES)
3000 - 3399 APPLICABLE TO ALL ASSURANCE
ENGAGEMENTS
3000 Assurance Engagements Other than Audits or
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ON
RELATED SERVICES (ISRSS)
4000 - 4699
4400 Engagement to Performed Agreed Upon
Procedures Regarding Financial Information
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STRUKTUR SPAP - 2013
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STANDAR AUDIT
(SA)
Prinsip Umum Penilaian Risiko Penggunaan Kesimpulan
dan Tanggung dan Respons Bukti Audit Hasil Pekerjaan Audit dan Area Khusus
Jawab Terhadap Risiko SA 500-599 Pihak Lain Pelaporan SA 800-899
SA 200-299 SA 300-499 SA 600-699 SA 700-799
SA 260 SA 540
SA 550
SA 265
SA 560
SA 570
SA 580
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Faktor Pendukung Peningkatan Mutu
KAP - Indonesia
Sistem
Pengendalian
CPA Exam SPAP
Mutu
Conduct of CPA
OJK firm personnel UU AP
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End
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