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LIQUID PENETRANT TESTING.
PRESENTATION.
KRISHNAMOORTHI. V
BASIC PRINCIPLE.
 CAPILLARY ACTION.
PURPOSE.
 By applying penetrant on the surface of the

material. We can detect the surface
discontinuities.
 Only surface discontinuity can be detected.

ADVANTAGES.
 Spot result
 Simple process.
 No hazards.
 Low cost.
 No need for power supply.
 Metal & non metal can be inspected.
DIS-ADVANTAGES.
 No permanent record.
 Sub-surface discontinuities cannot be detected.
 Restricted for low density power metallurgical parts.
 Restricted for high nickel alloys component due to
the presence of halogenated solvents like Sulphur,
chlorine contents.
PROCEDURE.
 PRE-CLEANING
 APPLYING PENETRANT
 DWELL TIME ( Penetration time)
 EXCESS PENENTRANT REMOVAL
 APPLYING DEVLOPER.
 DEVLOPING TIME.
 INTERPRETATION & EVALUVATION.
 POST CLEANING.
1. PRE-CLEANING.
 Clean the surface of the material before the
actual process.
 To remove contaminant from the material
surface.
 Contaminant : any thing which resist the flow
of pen entrant inside the discontinuity is
called as contaminant.
 For example. : oil, dust, Grease etc.
TYPES OF CLEANING.
1. MECHANICAL CLEANING.
 Grinding.
 Soft emery.
 Sand or shot blasting.
2. CHEMICAL CLEANING.
 Any acid can be used as chemical for

cleaning.
3. SOLVENT CLEANING.
 Distillate of a petroleum can be used as

solvent for cleaning.
4. SPECIAL METHOD OF
CLEANING.
 Detergent cleaning.
 Ultrasonic cleaning.
 Vapor degreasing.
2. APPLYING PENETRANT.
 PENENTRANT :
Any colour liquid which
enter into different types of discontinuity is
called as penentrant.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES.
 CAPILLARITY :
The ability of the penentrant to enter

inside the different types of discontinuity.
2. WETTING ABILITY.
 The ability of the penentrant to wet the total

inspection surface.
3. VISCOSITY.
 Resistance of flow of liquid .
 It should be (3-5) CST. (centistokes)

( one square centimeter per second is
equivalent to one “stroke”)
4. CONTACT ANGLE.
 The distance between the penentrant surface

to the material surface or thickness of
penentrant over the material surface.
 Contact angle of the penentrant should

preferably less than 5 º degrees.
5. VOLAITILITY.
 The penentrant should not evaporate at high

tempreture.(52ºc)
6. FLAMMABILITY.
 The penentrant should not catch fire at high

temperature (52ºc).
7. CHEMICAL ACTIVITY.
 It should be non toxic & non-corrosive.

TYPES OF PENETRANT.
1. FLUORESCENT PENETRANT :
 It is also called non-visible penetrant.
 It can be seen only in dark place.

2. VISIBLE DYE PENETRANT.
 It can be seen in normal condition ( day time).

1.FLUORESCENT PENETRANT.
A. WATER –WASHABLE PENETRANT :
Can be self emulsifying or removable with plain water.
i. Inspecting large volumes of parts.

ii. For detecting discontinuities that are not wider than
their depth.
iii. For materials with rough surfaces.
iv. Excellent for inspection of threads and keyways.
B. POST-EMULSIFIABLE
PENETRANT.
 Which require a separate emulsifier to make the
penentrant water washable.
i. Large volumes of parts.

ii. Requirement of high sensitivity.
iii. Parts contaminated with acid or harmful chemicals, which
will harm the materials.
iv. Parts which may have defects contaminated with in-service
soils.
v. For detection of stress corrosion,inter-granular, and
grinding cracks.
2. VISIBLE DYE PENETRANT.
A. WATER WASHABLE PENETRANT
i. When lowest sensitivity is required.

ii. When large volumes of parts are to be
inspected.
B. POST-EMULSIFIABLE
PENETRANT.
i. More sensitivity is required.
ii. Inspection of large volumes of parts, when

time is not a constraint.
C. SOLVENT REMOVABLE
PENETRANT.
i. Spot inspection.
ii. Where water wash is not feasible because of

part size, weight and surface condition.
iii. When inspecting small volumes of parts.

CLASSIFICATION OF PENETRANT
TEST SYSTEMS.
 Penetrants are classified as per SE-165 of

sec v of ASME Boiler and pressure vessel
code as follows.
TYPE –I . FLUORESCENT
PENETRANT EXAMINATIONS
 Method A – Water washable penetrant.
 Method B - Post emulsifiable, lipophilic
 Method C - Solvent Removable .
 Method D - post-emulsifiable, hydrophilic.

TYPE – II. VISIBLE PENETRANT
EXAMINATION.
 Method A - water washable penentrant.
 Method B - solvent Removable penetrants.

PENETRANT APPLICATION
METHOD.
 Spraying.
 Dipping.
 Flooding.
 Brushing.
DWELL TIME- (Penetration time)
 The time given for the penetrant to enter

inside the discontinuity it is called as dwell
time.
 It is also called as penetration time.

VARIABLE. ( Dwell time)
 Discontinuity sought.
 Varies from material to material.
 Based on the temperature of the material.
 Position of the material. (DHP,VP,OHP,HP.)

LENGTH OF TIME.
 Determined experimentally.
 Maximum dwell time will be recommended

by the penetrant manufacturer.
 Usually 30 mints.
DWELL TIME ASPER CODE.
 For casting & welding - 5 mints.
 For forging & extrusions – 10 mints.
 For plastic & ceramic - 5 mints.
above mentioned time are minimum dwell time as

per Table – 672.
CRITICALITY.
 Longer dwell time produces greater in

sensitivity.
 Lesser dwell time produces reduction time in
sensitivity.
 Longer dwell time than the recommended
time produces loss in sensitivity.
HIGH TEMPERATURE.
 If material temperature up to 52ºc it can be

inspected by penetrant testing.
 Penetrant should be qualified by using

comparator block.
COMPARATOR BLOCK.
 It is a Aluminum block.
 Thickness is (3/8)”.
 Face dimension 2”× 3”.
 The comparator block is divided into two faces & it
is heated up to 512-524ºc.
 then it is suddenly cooled & penetrant is applied on
both faces, dwell time is given & excess penetrant is
removed
 Developer is applied on both faces evenly, if similar
indication appears on both faces the penetrant is
qualified else disqualified.
EXCESS PENETRANT REMOVAL.
 The penetrant which presents on the surface

of the material but not inside the discontinuity
is called as excess penetrant.
I. WATER WASHABLE
PENETRANT.
 Apply water spray.

 Temperature of water should be 50 – 100 ºF.
 Spray rinse pressure maintained should be 40
PSI.
 Rising time 120 second.
II. POST EMULSIFIER
LIPHOPHILIC.
 Apply emulsifier .
 Give emulsification time.
 Then apply water spray.
 Temperature 50 – 100 ºF.
 Rinse pressure for liphophilillic penetrant is
recommended by the penetrate manufacturer.
 Rising time 120 seconds.
III. SOLVENT REMOVABLE
PENETRANT.
 Clean with dry cloth.
 Clean with solvent damped cloth.
 Again clean with dry cloth.

IV. POST EMULSIFIER
HYDROPHILIC.
 Since it is a re-useable penetrant.

 Apply water spray.
 Then apply emulsifier & emulsification time.
 Again apply water spray.
 Temperature 50 - 100 ºF.
 Pressure should be 25 – 40 PSI.
 Time given – 60 sec.
DEVELOPER.
 The particle which absorb penetrant from the

discontinuity is called as developer.
TYPES OF DEVELOPER.
I. DRY DEVELOPER.
II. WET DEVELOPER.

I. DRY DEVELOPER.
 Powder + Air.
 It is widely used with fluorescent penetrant &
rarely used with visible penetrant.
 Older version : chalk powder, talc powder.
 Never version : light amorphous, silica
-powder.
 The powder should be light and fluffty.(soft).
II. WET DEVELOPER.
A. WATER SOLUABLE DEVELOPER.
 The powder is soluble in water.

 Since it produce dimmer indication with
fluorescent penetrant it is mostly used with
visible dye penetrant .
 The concentration, preparation is easy.
B. WATER SUSPENDIBLE
DEVELOPER.
 The powder is soliable in water.

 It is used with fluorescent penetrate only.
 Drier helps the developer to bring out penetrant from
the discontinuity.
 Since the powder is in soluble it is mixed with water
in standard proportion as one pound per gallon.
 Dispersion units and corrosion inhibitors are added
to prevent the developer checking unit.
C. SOLVENT SUSPENDIABLE.
 It is a non-aqueous developer.
 It is available in portable cans.
 Distance should be maintained between can
nozzle and material surface.
 Developer is evenly laid on material surface.
 Sensitivity is high.
DEVELOPING TIME.
 The time given for the developer to absorb

penetrant from the discontinuity.
 Developer time should be given - 10 mints.

CRITICALITY.
 Too little coating of developer over the

material surface produces reduction in
sensitivity.
 To much coating of developer over the

material surface produces loss in sensitivity.
INTERPRETATION &
EVALUATION.
 To look for.
 To analyze about it
 To report about it.

ACCEPTANCE
 Procedure used ASME sec V Article 6.

 Acceptance standard used ASME sec VIII.
 Asper the standard any leaner indication
should be rejected if any rounded indication
OD is dia 4.8 mm or less than dia. 4.8 mm it
should be accepted else rejected.
LINEAR INDICATION
 If length of the discontinuity is three times

greater than its width means it is linear
indication.
ROUNDED INDICATION.
 If length of the discontinuity is three times

less than its width mean it is called as
rounded indication.
RELEVANT INDICATION.
 Indication which present on area of interest

these indications are taken for acceptance
standard.
NON - RELEVANT INDICATION
 Indications which present on none other than

area of interest these indications are not taken
for acceptance standard.
THANK YOU.

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LIQUID PENETRANT TESTING.

 By applying penetrant on the surface of the

 Only surface discontinuity can be detected.

 Any acid can be used as chemical for

 Distillate of a petroleum can be used as

The ability of the penentrant to enter

 The ability of the penentrant to wet the total

 Resistance of flow of liquid .

 It should be (3-5) CST. (centistokes)

 The distance between the penentrant surface

 Contact angle of the penentrant should

 The penentrant should not evaporate at high

 The penentrant should not catch fire at high

 It should be non toxic & non-corrosive.

 It is also called non-visible penetrant.

 It can be seen only in dark place.

 It can be seen in normal condition ( day time).

A. WATER –WASHABLE PENETRANT :

Can be self emulsifying or removable with plain water.

i. Inspecting large volumes of parts.

i. Large volumes of parts.

A. WATER WASHABLE PENETRANT

i. When lowest sensitivity is required.

i. More sensitivity is required.

ii. Inspection of large volumes of parts, when

ii. Where water wash is not feasible because of

iii. When inspecting small volumes of parts.

 Penetrants are classified as per SE-165 of

 Method A – Water washable penetrant.

 Method B - Post emulsifiable, lipophilic

 Method C - Solvent Removable .

 Method D - post-emulsifiable, hydrophilic.

 Method A - water washable penentrant.

 Method B - solvent Removable penetrants.

 The time given for the penetrant to enter

 It is also called as penetration time.

 Varies from material to material.

 Based on the temperature of the material.

 Position of the material. (DHP,VP,OHP,HP.)

 Maximum dwell time will be recommended

 For casting & welding - 5 mints.

 For forging & extrusions – 10 mints.

 For plastic & ceramic - 5 mints.

above mentioned time are minimum dwell time as

 Longer dwell time produces greater in

 If material temperature up to 52ºc it can be

 Penetrant should be qualified by using

 The penetrant which presents on the surface

 Apply water spray.

 Clean with dry cloth.

 Clean with solvent damped cloth.

 Again clean with dry cloth.

 Since it is a re-useable penetrant.

 The particle which absorb penetrant from the

II. WET DEVELOPER.

A. WATER SOLUABLE DEVELOPER.

 The powder is soluble in water.

 The powder is soliable in water.

 The time given for the developer to absorb

 Developer time should be given - 10 mints.