Chapter 3

STRATEGIES FOR ORAL

COMMUNICATION

Successful Strategies for Effective Oral

Communication

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 INTRODUCTION
• WRITTERS SUCH AS:
– Aristotle
– Cicero
– Quintilian (unfamiliar??????) Greek and roman
art practitioners.
– Roots are deep
– Heritage is oral
– Sending message through oral is not new
– We use oral communication in daily life
– business life (customer, collogue, associate,
supervisor, employees, employer and other.
– We communicate to produce the result. 2
• Strategies for improving oral presentation
• Strategies for reducing oral fright
• Strategies for improving listening (will be
discussed in last chapter )

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Strategies for Improving Oral Presentation

– Steps for preparing effective oral presentation

– Kinds of oral presentation

– Ways of delivering the oral message

– Strategies for using an effective oral delivery

– Strategies for effective nonverbal delivery

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 Steps for Preparing Effective Oral Presentation

seven steps, short long.

Determine the purpose
Analyze the audience or occasion
Select the main ideas for message
Research the topic
Organize the data and write the draft
Create visual aids
Rehears the talk
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 Determine the purpose
• Three goals of communication
– To inform or instruct: (core goal is clarify,
secure understanding. Listener have better
comprehension of an issue, idea or process.
E.g. teacher
– To persuade: getting willingness to accept the
idea by listener. E.g. ads.
– To entertain: humorous statement,
ceremonial, introductory, stimulating
statements.
– E.g. promotion parties, retirement or
anniversaries.
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 Analyze the audience or occasion
• We write or speak, must adopt message to
audience.
• If you talk within your organization or friend you
must have an idea
• About how many people will be in audience
• If less information is available then seek more
information about audience (size, age, group,
interests, goals, occupation,
• You can from other person who asked you to talk or
other members.
• More audience same occupation or age better to
give more expressions, illustration, technical
expression. 7
 Select the main ideas for message
• Select the main theme, core idea to
communicate
• Gather additional information to support
– First list core ideas may be disorganized
– Then unified them
– Make sure that disorganized or haphazard are
workable data.
– Don’t assume that initial structure will be your
final version.

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 Research the topic

• You cant not posses all information related

to the central theme.
• In writing you may need to find facts and
figures, information.
• When you research you might drop some
initial information and can put new one.

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 Organize the data and write the draft

• Suppose you finished data collection

• Now you should form initial outlines.
• The speech should be developed in three
parts
– Introduction
– Body
– Conclusion
–

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 Create visual aids

• Some presentation do not require visuals.

• It is odd to include an overhead of the
major dates in the career of a retiree.
• It would be odd not to include a visual
when speaking about the organizational
structure

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 Rehears the talk
• Purpose of rehearsal
– Become more comfortable with material
– You can revise where is necessary
• How many times to rehears?
– Three time is standard
– Company president presents greeting message and
rehears four times
– Vice president before congressional committee and
rehears three times
– President of U.S rehearsed once

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 Guidelines for rehearsal
• Always imagine your audience are in front of you.
• Use transitional phrases and sentences to show your
listeners the relationship between section your report.
• Avoid long sentences and unusual words
• Take each of the main points one at a time and learn to
present each within its supporting material.
• Include the visual aids you will use, note where each aid
should be used.
• Anticipate questions form audience
• Jot the question on paper and consider thoughtful
answer.
• Stop at allotted time, allow time also for questions and
answer period.
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 Kinds of Oral Presentation
• Oral communication lies between informative,
and persuasion.
• For the purposes there are variation in
statement.
• No variation can be possible in different forms of
sentences in each purpose.
– Short talks: 1-10 mints (introduce someone, give
briefing to the visitors, present an award to retire,
accepting an award.
– Long talks: 10 mints to 1 hour, it is not unusual in
Asia, they have speeches 2 hr long
– Some organization limits the statement 20 to 30 mints
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 Ways of Delivering the Oral Message
• Four ways of speaking.
• Extemporaneous: most preferred by audience and
speaker, speaker use notes/outlines, use 3 inches card,
sheets of paper, allows more eye contact with audience,
help in establishing rapport and enables the speaker to
move with ease.
• Reading: Those who do not want to make mistakes they
use manuscript, e.g. political figures, if some one read
and its appeared on new in evening they might get
different (you did not read well, I did not like your
speech). Today speaker on television read from
teleprompter (a device allowing them to read their words
directly from passing camera lens)

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Continued…..
• Memorization: few speakers memorize their complete
speech. First few words or sentences can be
memorized. For long speeches it is prohibited.
• Impromptu: offer upon last moment to comment, when
you speak is called “off the cuff” without preparation, that
is impromptu.

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Strategies for using an effective oral delivery
• Writing has its own criteria to move ideas clearly
across page the oral has too.
• Seven steps for preparation in oral
communication
• Your voice is your trademark, its part of you, that
adds the human element to your word. Writing
does not have immediacy because the words are
static on a page.
• Give extra life to your delivery of words five ways.
– Pitch, rate, volume, vocal quality and
pronunciation.
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 Pitch
• Pitch is highness and lowness of voice.
• In speaking pitch should be varied
• Problem in using pitch tone are monotone, high
or low voice, and same word value.
• Monotone:
• High or low voice
• Same word value:

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 Rate
• Guess how many words can you speak per
mint????
• Rate of speech may vary individual to individual.
• slow speaker may be dull on other hand fast
speaker may create discomfort.
• Casual conversation may use 80=250 p/m.
• Most public speaker use 80-160 words per mint.
• Rapid fire speaker needs to slow down to create
the understanding of the thoughts to the audience.
• He should follow the pause.

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 Volume
• Volume is a loudness and softness of your
voice.
• How to improve volume (contrast is emphasize).
– Involves using a louder or softer volume on certain
words, certain ideas, certain of talks.
– When you have a doubt in volume level, ask
colleague about his/her impression from back side of
the room.

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 Vocal quality
• Before reading the next several lines, pause and see
how many words you can think of that describe the
human voice.
• Should not hesitate over mike, have capability to
manage breath as well.

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 pronunciation
• One can forgive pronunciation error in foreign
speaker than native.
• You are supposed to be correct in business world.
Subconsciously we react negatively to negativity,
when any word is mispronounced.
• Relative to our concept of how it should be
pronounced. (we may be wrong speaker may be
right).
– Jargon words: Within your organization you will learn
jargon pronunciation. CAM: (contract audit manual).
– Varied regional accent:
– Added or omitted sounds: uh, bm, er, should not added
interjections. Also omit gonna, meetn, 22
Continued…….
• Listen to the educated and cultured
people of your company: their standards is
correct and acceptable for their region of
the country
• Consult the recent dictionary: more option
and more recent words are available latest
edition. When one have doubt consult
your teacher/member or dictionary.

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 Strategies for effective nonverbal delivery
How much do you nonverbally communicate about
yourself when speaking?
How close do you stand to someone in polite
conversation?
How important is your attire when speaking?
These question are raised in nonverbal
communication.
Postures
Movement
Gestures
Facial expression
And attire are non-verbal cues.

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Continued…
1. Postures: “movie pattern”(straight, erect, poise=
confidence, inner control)
2. Movement:
2.1 move to get attention taking few steps during
presentation gain attention, at large session
lecterns restrict your movement, in business
meeting the audience may be smaller, thus
permitting you to stand behind desk or table,
should not move continuously like a lion in cage
2.2. Move to get rid of nervousness with voice varied
gestures also help to gain the attention of
audience.
3. Gestures: any movement of hand, arms, shoulders, head are termed as
gesture.
3.1 Emblems: thumb upwards for hitchhiking, wave hand or arm
3.2 illustrators: usually arm used to describe circle, finger pointing to
emphasize a point.
3.3 Affect display: speaker may use primary emotional state such as 25
happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, disgust.
Continued……………..
3.4 Regulators: speaker use their body movements of their audience
to find out response to their message( nod their head, maintain eye
contact, shift their postures, incline head to hear better.
3.5 Adopters: these are often the unintentional movement to physical
and psychological state: scratching a nose, twisting pencil,
smoothing one’s hair.
3.6 To emphasize: the clenched fist emphasizes a point by either
hitting the palm of the hand or shaking it upright before an
audience.
3.7 To point: indicating location or direction.
3.8 To reject: A sample phrase accompanying this gesture would be “
I can’ t believe the action of our competitors”. Here the hand may go
to the side in an act of rejection.

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continued….........
3.9 To describe: Your hands can not give clear and picture
of the idea you are speaking about even an approximation
of size is worthwhile.
3.10 Vary gesture: Using the same gestures repeatedly is
boring. It shows lack of creativity at speakers part.
3.11 Avoid continuous gestures: Use of more gestures
can weaken the emphasize. The speaker should not use
frequent gestures.
3.12 Watch Timing: The gesture should accompany
thought not precede or follow it.
3.13 Adopt gestures: seated at the table is not the time
for broad, all inclusive gestures. A large audience can not
see the gestures, adopt to size of the group.
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4. Facial expression: one’s facial expression could convey
primary gestures, e.g. smile on speaker face can
communicate that your topic is interesting to you.
Frown or glare expression can communicate that your
are angry.
5. Attire: what to wear in an interview is mentioned in job
offerings, sale meeting, social gathering. What you
wear and how you look effect listeners. Some
companies are casual in dress and some may not
some has its dress code
are non-verbal cues:

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Strategies for Reducing Stage
Fright
• One also need to decreasing the stage of fright an
desirable elements of oral and non verbal delivery.
• Being at ease giving the impression of being at ease, is
difficult to some people. some people can approach to
audience without some feeling of discomfort.
• In traditional ranking, speaking before audience Is rated
most fearful thing people do.
• Pick up any news paper, read what person have to say
about situation demanding a performance in front
people. Many resist and fear that idea.
• Some people avoid public performance and remain fright
for many years.
• Some people believe that other people know that I m
nervous while walking on stage. 29
 Signs of Discomfort

• Signs of discomfort are universally

experienced.
• The heart rate increases, blood and body
temperature rise, and some people say
their mouth gets dry, palms are sweating,
voice is trembling..
• All these symptoms are internal none of
sign is external and visible to audience.
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 Strategies for decreasing
speaking fear
• Its matter of confidence above all.
• You should feel you know the subject better than any
one else. You can feel that you are in charge.
– You know subject well. Prepare with attitude that you
know better than any one.
– Rehears your talk several times. Try to rehears in the
same room, where you will talk that day. if its going
to happen your company than its possible to reach
there but the speech is out of organization you can
reach the place in advance in case you should reach
early there on day of performance

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Continued………………….
– Request in advance, a lectern, it will help in holding
notes but a also trembling hands.
– precheck any equipment you will need. Such as
projector, screen, extension cord and check which
electric point is near.
– Take an object with you , a pen, your notes, marking
pencil, should not paly with these things.
– Breathe deeply and slowly before speaking. Try
moving a little in your chair.
– Move during the speech some movements hold
audience attention, and releases nervousness
energy.
– approach the lectern with assurance and enthusiasm.
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 Assignments
Assig #1 Pick up any news paper, read what person have
to say/present about situation demanding a performance in
front people.

Assig#2 See the newspapers and find out the

advertisements of job requiring “Good Communication
Skills” or “Good Interpersonal Communication Abilities”.

Assig#3 write about philosopher’s contribution in oral

communication we listed in beginning

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