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    A Review: Plant Nutrition: 1. Plant Nutrients 2. Chemical Fertilizers 3. Fertilizer Concentration Calculations

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    Jevelyn Mendoza Farro
    This document discusses plant nutrients and fertilizers. It covers both macro and micronutrients that are essential for plant growth, including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, sulfur, magnesium, iron, manganese, boron, zinc, molybdenum and copper. For each nutrient, it describes their functions in plants, deficiency and toxicity symptoms, and common fertilizer sources. It also discusses the soil chemistry factors that influence nutrient availability to plants.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    A Review: Plant Nutrition: 1. Plant Nutrients 2. Chemical Fertilizers 3. Fertilizer Concentration Calculations

    Uploaded by

    Jevelyn Mendoza Farro
    35 views44 pages
    This document discusses plant nutrients and fertilizers. It covers both macro and micronutrients that are essential for plant growth, including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, sulfur, magnesium, iron, manganese, boron, zinc, molybdenum and copper. For each nutrient, it describes their functions in plants, deficiency and toxicity symptoms, and common fertilizer sources. It also discusses the soil chemistry factors that influence nutrient availability to plants.

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    A-Review-Plant-Nutrition

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    This document discusses plant nutrients and fertilizers. It covers both macro and micronutrients that are essential for plant growth, including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, sulfur, magnesium, iron, manganese, boron, zinc, molybdenum and copper. For each nutrient, it describes their functions in plants, deficiency and toxicity symptoms, and common fertilizer sources. It also discusses the soil chemistry factors that influence nutrient availability to plants.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    35 views44 pages

    A Review: Plant Nutrition: 1. Plant Nutrients 2. Chemical Fertilizers 3. Fertilizer Concentration Calculations

    Uploaded by

    Jevelyn Mendoza Farro
    This document discusses plant nutrients and fertilizers. It covers both macro and micronutrients that are essential for plant growth, including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, sulfur, magnesium, iron, manganese, boron, zinc, molybdenum and copper. For each nutrient, it describes their functions in plants, deficiency and toxicity symptoms, and common fertilizer sources. It also discusses the soil chemistry factors that influence nutrient availability to plants.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 44

    A Review: Plant Nutrition

    1. Plant Nutrients
     Macronutrients
     Micronutrients
    2. Chemical Fertilizers
     Commercial Analysis
     Elemental Analysis
    3. Fertilizer Concentration Calculations
     ppm
     mM
     Meq/liter
    4. Fertilizer Application
     Preplant Application
     Top Dressing
     Liquid Feeding
    1. Essential Nutrietns of Plants

    Chemical Atomic Ionic forms Approximate dry


    Element symbol weight Absorbed by plants ____ concentration_____
    Mccronutrients
    Nitrogen N 14.01 NO3-, NH4+ 4.0 %
    Phosphorus P 30.98 PO43-, HPO42-, H2PO4- 0.5 %
    Potassium K 39.10 K+ 4.0 %
    Magnesium Mg 24.32 Mg2+ 0.5 %
    Sulfur S 32.07 SO42- 0.5 %
    Calcium Ca 40.08 Ca2+ 1.0 %
    Micronutrients
    Iron Fe 55.85 Fe2+, Fe3+ 200 ppm
    Manganese Mn 54.94 Mn2+ 200 ppm
    Zinc Zn 65.38 Zn2+ 30 ppm
    Copper Cu 63.54 Cu2+ 10 ppm
    Boron B 10.82 BO32-, B4O72- 60 ppm
    Molybdenum Mo 95.95 MoO42- 2 ppm
    Chlorine Cl 35.46 Cl- 3000 ppm
    Essential But Not Applied
    Carbon C 12.01 CO2 40 %
    Hydrogen H 1.01 H2O 6%
    Oxygen O 16.00 O 2, H 2 O 40 %
    ________________________________________________________________
    Plant tissues also contain other elements (Na, Se, Co, Si, Rb, Sr, F, I) which are not
    needed for the normal growth and development.
    2. Macronutrients
    a. Nitrogen (N)
    1) Soil Nitrogen Cycle
    A. Nitrogen (N)
    1) Soil Nitrogen Cycle

    a) Nitrogen Fixation
    -Transformation of atmospheric N to nitrogen forms available to
    plants
    - Mediated by N-fixing bacteria:
    Rhizobium (symbiotic) found in legumes (bean, soybean)
    Azotobacter (non-symbiotic bacteria)

    b) Soil Nitrification
    - Decomposition of organic matter into ammonium and nitrate
    - Mediated by ammonifying and nitrifying bacteria

    Ammonifying bacteria Nitrifying bacteria


    (Actinomycetes) (Nitrosomonas) (Nitrobacter)

    Plant residue → NH4+ → NO2 → NO3-


    (Protein, aa, etc) Ammonium Nitrite Nitrate
    2) N Functions in Plants
    - Component of proteins, enzymes, amino acids, nucleic acids, chlorophyll
    - C/N ratio (Carbohydrate: Nitrogen ratio)
    High C/N ratio → Plants become more reproductive
    Low C/N ratio → Plants become more vegetative
    - Transamination
    NO3- → NH2 → Glutamic acid → Other amino acids (a.a.) → Protein
    Enzymes
    - Essential for fast growth, green color

    3) Deficiency and Toxicity Symptoms


    Deficiency: - Reduced growth
    - Yellowing of old leaves
    Toxicity (excess): - Shoot elongation
    - Dark leaves, succulence
    4) Fertilizers
    - Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3)
    Calcium nitrate [Ca(NO3)2]
    Potassium nitrate (KNO3)
    Urea [CO(NH2)2]
    - Most plants prefer 50:50 NH 4+ : NO3-

    NH4+-form of N → lowers soil pH


    NO3--form of N → raises soil pH
    - Organic fertilizers (manure, plant residue) – slow acting
    - N can be applied foliarly
    Nitrogen (N) Deficiency Symptoms

    Yellowing of mature lower leaves- nitrogen


    is highly mobile in plants
    B. Phosphorus (P)
    1) Soil Relations
    - Mineral apatite [Ca5F(PO4)3]
    - Relatively stable in soil
    - Has a low mobility (top dressing not effective)
    2) Plant Functions
    - Component of nucleic acid (DNA, RNA), phospholipids, coenzymes,
    high-energy phosphate bonds (ADP, ATP)
    - Seeds are high in P
    3) Deficiency and Toxicity
    - P is mobile in plant tissues (Deficiency occurs in older leaves)
    - Deficiency: dark, purplish color on older leaves
    - Excess P: causes deficiency symptoms of Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn
    4) Fertilizers
    - Superphosphates (may contain F)
    Single superphosphate (8.6% P): CaH4(PO4)2
    Triple superphosphate (20% P): CaH4(PO4)2
    - Ammonium phosphate: (NH4)2PO4, NH4HPO4
    - Bone meal
    - Available forms: PO43-, HPO42-, H2PO4-
    P absorption influenced by pH
    Influence of pH on different forms of phosphorus (P)
    C. Potassium (K)

    1) Soil Relations
    - Present in large amounts in mineral soil
    - Low in organic soils
    2) Plant Functions
    - Activator of many enzymes
    - Regulation of water movement across membranes and through stomata
    (Guard cell functions)
    3) Deficiency and Toxicity
    - Deficiency: Leaf margin necrosis and browning
    Older leaves are more affected
    - Toxicity: Leaf tip and marginal necrosis
    4) Fertilizers
    - Potassium chloride (KCl)- murate of potash
    - Potassium sulfate (K2SO4)
    - Potassium nitrate (KNO3)
    Leaf Margin Necrosis in Poinsettia
    Potassium (K) Deficiency
    Macronutrients N, P, K Deficiencies
    Leaf Lettuce

    Control
    Macronutrient Deficiencies
    Beans
    D. Calcium (Ca)

    1) Soil Relations
    - Present in large quantities in earth’s surface (~1% in US top soils)
    - Influences availability of other ions from soil
    2) Plant Functions
    - Component of cell wall
    - Involved in cell membrane function
    - Largely present as calcium pectate in meddle lamela
    Calcium pectate is immobile in plant tissues
    3) Deficiency and Toxicity
    - Deficiency symptoms in young leaves and new shoots (Ca is immobile)
    Stunted growth, leaf distortion, necrotic spots, shoot tip death
    Blossom-end rot in tomato
    - No Ca toxicity symptoms have been observed
    4) Fertilizers
    - Agricultural meal (finely ground CaCO3·MgCO3)
    - Lime (CaCO3), Gypsum (CaSO4)
    - Superphosphate
    - Bone meal-organic P source
    Blossom End Rot of Tomato
    Calcium Deficiency

    Right-Hydroponic tomatoes grown in the greenhouse, Left-Blossom end


    rot of tomato fruits induced by calcium (Ca++) deficiency
    Influence of Calcium on Root Induction
    on Rose Cuttings
    E. Sulfur (S)

    1) Soil Relations
    - Present in mineral pyrite (FeS2, fool’s gold), sulfides (S-mineral complex),
    sulfates (involving SO4-2)
    - Mostly contained in organic matter
    - Acid rain provides sulfur
    2) Plant Functions
    - Component of amino acids (methionine, cysteine)
    - Constituent of coenzymes and vitamins
    - Responsible for pungency and flavbor (onion, garlic, mustard)
    3) Deficiency and Toxicity
    - Deficiency: light green or yellowing on new growth (S is immobile)
    - Toxicity: not commonly seen
    4) Fertilizers
    - Gypsum (CaSO4)
    - Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4)
    - Ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2SO4]
    - Elemental sulfur (S)
    F. Magnesium (Mg)
    1) Soil Relations
    - Present in soil as an exchangeable cation (Mg2+)
    - Similar to Ca2+ as a cation
    2) Plant Functions
    - Core component of chlorophyll molecule
    - Catalyst for certain enzyme activity

    3) Deficiency and Toxicity


    - Deficiency: Interveinal chlorosis on mature leaves
    (Mg is highly mobile)
    - Excess: Causes deficiency symptoms of Ca, K
    4) Fertilizers
    - Dolomite (mixture of CaCO3·MgCO3)
    - Epsom salt (MgSO4)
    - Magnesium nitrate [Mg(NO3)2]
    - Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4)
    Magnesium (Mg) Deficiency on Poinsettia

    Interveinal Chlorosis on Mature Leaves


    Micronutrients
    • Micronutrient elements
    – Iron (Fe)
    – Manganese (Mn)
    – Boron (B)
    – Zinc (Zn)
    – Molybdenum (Mo)
    – Copper (Cu)
    – Chlorine (Cl)
    • Usually supplied by irrigation water and soil
    • Deficiency and toxicity occur at pH extremes
    Influence of pH on Nutrient Availability
    3. Micronutrients
    A. Iron (Fe)
    - Component of cytochromes (needed for photosynthesis)
    - Essential for N fixation (nitrate reductase) and respiration
    - Deficiency
    Symptom: Interveinal chlorosis on new growth
    Fe is immobile
    Iron chlorosis develops when soil pH is high

    Remedy for iron chlorosis:


    1) Use iron chelates
    FeEDTA (Fe 330) – Stable at pH < 7.0
    FeEDDHA (Fe 138) – Stable even when pH > 7.0
    2) Lower soil pH
    Iron is in more useful form (Fe2+)
    Iron (Fe) Deficiency Symptoms
    1 2

    3 4

    A B

    1-Piggyback Plant, 2- Petunia, 3-Silver Maple,


    4-Rose (A-normal, B-Fe-deficient)
    Iron Chelates
    Iron (Fe) Absorption by Plants
    B. Manganese (Mn)
    - Required for chlorophyll synthesis, O2 evolution during photoshynthesis
    - Activates some enzyme systems
    - Deficiency: Mottled chlorsis between main veins of new leaves
    (Mn is immobile), similar to Fe chlorosis
    - Toxicity: Chlorosis on new growth with small, numerous dark spots
    Deficiency occurs at high pH
    Toxicity occurs at low pH
    - Fertilizers: Manganese sulfate (MnSO4)
    Mn EDTA (chelate) for high pH soils
    C. Boron (B)
    - Involved in carbohydrate metabolism
    - Essential for flowering, pollen germination, N metabolism
    - Deficiency: New growth distorted and malformed, flowering and fruitset
    depressed, roots tubers distorted
    - Toxicity: Twig die back, fruit splitting, leaf edge burns
    - Fertilizers: Borax (Na2B4O710H2O), calcium borate (NaB4O7 4H2O)
    D. Zinc (Zn)
    - Involved in protein synthesis, IAA synthesis
    - Deficiency: (occurs in calcarious soil and high pH)
    Growth suppression, reduced internode lengths, rosetting,
    interveinal chlorosis on young leaves (Zn is immobile in tissues)
    - Toxicity: (occurs at low pH) Growth reduction, leaf chlorosis
    Micronutrient Toxicity on Seed Geranium

    Cu

    Fe

    Mn

    Mo

    Zn

    Cont 0.25 0.5 1 2 3 4 5 6


    Concentration (mM)
    E. Molybdenum (Mo)
    - Required for nitrate reductase activity, vitamin synthesis

    Nitrate reductase
    NO3- ————————————— NH2
    Mo
    Root-nodule bacteria also requires Mo

    - Deficiency: Pale green, cupped young leaves (Mo is immobile)


    Strap leafe in broad leaf plants
    Occurs at low pH
    - Toxicity: Chlorosis with orange color pigmentation
    - Fertilizer: Sodium molybdate
    F. Copper (Cu)
    - Essential component of several enzymes of chlorophyll synthesis, carbohydrate
    metabolism
    - Deficiency: Rosette or ‘witch’s broom’
    - Toxicity: Chlorosis
    - Fertilizers: Copper sulfate (CuSO4)
    G. Chlorine (Cl)
    - Involved for photosynthetic oxygen revolution
    - Deficiency: Normally not existing (Only experimentally induced)
    - Toxicity: Leaf margin chlorosis, necrosis on all leaves
    - Fertilizer: Never applied
    (Cl- is ubiquitous!)
    Molybdenum Deficiency on Poinsettia
    Fertilizer Analysis
    Commercial Analysis vs Elemental Analysis
    Fertilizer Rates and Concentrations

    • British System
    - lb/1000 ft2 (solid, field application)
    - 1b/acre (solid, field application)
    - oz/100 gallon (=75 ppm)
    - pint/gallon
    • Metric System
    - kg/ha (solid, field application)
    - parts per million (ppm)
    - milli-molar (mM)
    - Milli-equivalent per liter (meq/L)
    Molar (M) Concentrations

    Weight
    mole = molecular weight (g)
    mmole = 0.001 mole = molecular wt (mg)
    µmole = 0.000,001 mole = molecular wt (µg)
    Concentration
    molar (M) = mole/liter
    milli-molar (mM) = mmole/liter
    micro-molar (µM) = µmole/liter
    To Make 50 gallon of 200 ppm N Solution

    Concentration
    1 ppm = 1 mg/liter
    200 ppm = 200 mg/liter
    Fertilizer Solution
    Fertilizer: 20-20-20 N-P2O5-K2O
    Amount/liter = 200 mg x 1/0.2 =1,000 mg = 1g
    Amount/50 gal
    1 g/liter x 3.8 liter/gal x 50 gal = 190 g
    Fertilizer Application
    1. Preplant Application
    -Lime, sulfur, superphosphate, gypsum,
    dolomite
    2. Dry Application
    - Fertilizers with solubility <20 g/100 ml
    - Top dressing
    - Do not apply lime with phosphorus
    3. Liquid Feeding
    - Use soluble fertilizers
    - Constant feeding vs intermittent feeding
    Fertilizer Application

    Plant growth in
    influenced by a nutrient
    at lowest concentration
    as a denominator
    Amounts of Fertilizer Applied
    Fertilizer Application
    Liquid Feeding of Greenhouse Crops
    Use of Soluble Fertilizers

    Peter’s 20-20-20 soluble Lack of soluble fertilizer in


    fertilizer Mexico lowers the quality of
    crops grown in greenhouses
    Fertilizer Injector

    A two-head Injector (proportioner)


    used for greenhouse crops
    Purification of Water

    - Filtration

    - Reverse Osmosis (RO water)


    - Distillation (DI water)
    The Ebb-and-Flow System
    The Floor Irrigation System
    (Sub-irrigation)
    Crops Grown with Sub-Irrigation
    System

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